| causal ambiguity | A characteristic of a firm's resources that are costly to imitate because a competitor cannot determine what the resource is and/or how it can be re-created.
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| intangible resources | Organizational assets that are difficult to identify and account for and are typically embedded in unique routines and practices, including human resources, innovation resources, and reputation resources.
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| organizational capabilities | The competencies and skills that a firm employs to transform inputs into outputs.
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| path dependency | A characteristic of resources that are developed and/or accumulated through a unique series of events.
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| resource-based view of the firm | Perspective that firms competitive advantages are due to their endowment of strategic resources that are valuable, rare, costly to imitate, and costly to substitute.
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| social complexity | A characteristic of a firm's resources that are costly to imitate because the social engineering required is beyond the capability of competitors, including interpersonal relations among managers, organizational culture, and reputation with suppliers and customers.
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| tangible resources | Organizational assets that are relatively easy to identify, including physical assets, financial resources, organizational resources, and technological resources.
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