Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology (Shier), 12th Edition

Learning Outcome 20.2

1			The kidneys are located in the _____ space.
			A)	pelvic cavity
			B)	peritoneal cavity
			C)	abdominal
			D)	retroperitoneal

Learning Outcome 20.3

2			The entrance into the kidney is called the _____.
			A)	sinus
			B)	renal column
			C)	hilum
			D)	pyramid

Learning Outcome 20.4

3			Which structure is the first to collect the urine?
			A)	pelvis
			B)	calyx
			C)	ureter
			D)	urethra

Learning Outcome 20.4

4			Each minor calyx receives urine from the _____.
			A)	renal papillae
			B)	pelvis
			C)	ureter
			D)	columns

Learning Outcome 20.5

5			Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron?
			A)	efferent arteriole
			B)	vasa recta
			C)	peritubular capillary
			D)	interlobular vein

Learning Outcome 20.5

6			Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle?
			A)	vasa recta
			B)	peritubular capillaries
			C)	interlobular arteries
			D)	efferent arterioles

Learning Outcome 20.7

7			Which process is most affected by blood pressure?
			A)	tubular secretion
			B)	tubular reabsorption
			C)	glomerular filtration
			D)	loop of Henle diffusion

Learning Outcome 20.7

8			Which of the following are NOT found in the glomerular filtrate?
			A)	glucose
			B)	protein
			C)	uric acid
			D)	creatinine

Learning Outcome 20.7

9			Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?
			A)	urea
			B)	uric acid
			C)	creatine
			D)	creatinine

Learning Outcome 20.12

10			Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the _____ into the distal convoluted tubule.
			A)	loop of Henle
			B)	glomerulus
			C)	vasa recta
			D)	peritubular capillaries

Learning Outcome 20.4

11			Which of these is NOT usually secreted by the kidneys?
			A)	creatine
			B)	creatinine
			C)	H+
			D)	penicillin

Learning Outcome 20.4

12			The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is _____.
			A)	creatinine
			B)	inulin
			C)	para-aminohippuric acid
			D)	creatine

Learning Outcome 20.7

13			Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids?
			A)	urea
			B)	uric acid
			C)	glycine
			D)	ketone

Learning Outcome 20.8

14			Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of _____ into the urine.
			A)	glucose
			B)	uric acid
			C)	albumin
			D)	ascorbic acid

Learning Outcome 20.13

15			What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?
			A)	gravity
			B)	hydrostatic pressure
			C)	peristalsis
			D)	osmotic pressure

Learning Outcome 20.8

16			Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete _______________ when _______________.
			A)	angiotensin-converting enzyme; blood pressure increases
			B)	potassium; chloride concentration declines
			C)	renin; blood pressure drops
			D)	atrial natriuretic peptide; blood volume drops

Learning Outcome 20.9

17			Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _______________ where microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the surface area available for reabsorption.
			A)	distal convoluted tubule
			B)	proximal convoluted tubule
			C)	collecting duct
			D)	nephron loop

Learning Outcome 20.9

18			Why is the plant compound known as inulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance?
			A)	Inulin tastes good, so patients are more apt to be cooperative.
			B)	Inulin is neither reabsorbed nor actively secreted into the filtrate.
			C)	Inulin colors the filtrate and thus facilitates scanning of the kidney.
			D)	Inulin is readily available and inexpensive, and thus makes measuring renal clearance fairly simple.

Learning Outcome 20.13

19			In males as well as in females, the external urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle, and is thus under voluntary control. Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?
			A)	within the urogenital diaphragm
			B)	within the penile urethra
			C)	at the external urethral orifice
			D)	within the prostatic urethra

Learning Outcome 20.14

20			Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow?
			A)	ureter
			B)	kidney
			C)	bladder
			D)	urethra

Learning Outcome 20.2

21			The renal pyramids are located within the _____.
			A)	column
			B)	cortex
			C)	medulla
			D)	pelvis

Learning Outcome 20.3

22			The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by _____.
			A)	parallel blood vessels
			B)	microtubules
			C)	connective tissue
			D)	nerve fibers

Learning Outcome 20.4

23			The kidney secretes _____ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity.
			A)	renin
			B)	aldosterone
			C)	erythropoietin
			D)	somatomedin

Learning Outcome 20.4

24			What is the function of the renal system?
			A)	maintain blood pH
			B)	regulate blood pressure
			C)	control blood concentration
			D)	all of these

Learning Outcome 20.5

25			How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?
			A)	10%
			B)	25%
			C)	50%
			D)	65%

Learning Outcome 20.5

26			Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex?
			A)	interlobular artery
			B)	arcuate artery
			C)	interlobar artery
			D)	efferent arteriole

Learning Outcome 20.3

27			The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and _____.
			A)	proximal convoluted tubule
			B)	Bowman’s capsule
			C)	loop of Henle
			D)	distal convoluted tubule

Learning Outcome 20.6

28			Which section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
			A)	descending limb of the loop
			B)	proximal convoluted tubule
			C)	distal convoluted tubule
			D)	collecting duct

Learning Outcome 20.6

29			The last part of a nephron is the _____.
			A)	collecting duct
			B)	renal papilla
			C)	distal convoluted tubule
			D)	glomerulus

Learning Outcome 20.4

30			Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?
			A)	macula densa
			B)	juxtaglomerular apparatus
			C)	juxtaglomerular cells
			D)	cortical nephron

Learning Outcome 20.10

31			Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine?
			A)	glucose
			B)	sodium
			C)	uric acid
			D)	phosphate

Learning Outcome 20.7

32			Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium?
			A)	chloride
			B)	potassium
			C)	calcium
			D)	magnesium

Learning Outcome 20.8

33			What is the average glomerular filtration rate?
			A)	10L per day
			B)	180L per day
			C)	1,500 ml per day
			D)	1 ml per minute

Learning Outcome 20.7

34			Which of the following is usually NOT found in the urine?
			A)	magnesium
			B)	urea
			C)	uric acid
			D)	glucose

Learning Outcome 20.8

35			How much urine is formed in 24 hours?
			A)	12 liters
			B)	100 ml
			C)	1.5L
			D)	3,000cc

Learning Outcome 20.4

36			Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I.
			A)	angiotensin II
			B)	angiotensinogen
			C)	ACE
			D)	aldosterone

Learning Outcome 20.5

37			The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _____.
			A)	nerves
			B)	adrenal cortex
			C)	adrenal medulla
			D)	kidney nephron

Learning Outcome 20.9

38			Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the _____.
			A)	loop of Henle
			B)	peritubular capillaries
			C)	renal corpuscle
			D)	renal pyramid

Learning Outcome 20.9

39			Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the _____.
			A)	loop of Henle
			B)	distal convoluted tubule
			C)	proximal convoluted tubule
			D)	glomerulus

Learning Outcome 20.9

40			Which part of the kidney tubule has the most microvilli?
			A)	loop of Henle
			B)	distal convoluted tubule
			C)	loop of Henle
			D)	proximal convoluted tubule

Learning Outcome 20.9

41			Which of these does NOT operate under a renal threshold mechanism?
			A)	creatine
			B)	ascorbic acid
			C)	sodium
			D)	citric acid

Learning Outcome 20.9

42			The action of aldosterone is to increase _____.
			A)	sodium elimination
			B)	sodium reabsorption
			C)	potassium reabsorption
			D)	chloride excretion

Learning Outcome 20.6

43			How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron?
			A)	10%
			B)	1%
			C)	70%
			D)	99%

Learning Outcome 20.11

44			The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the _____.
			A)	proximal convoluted tubule
			B)	loop of Henle
			C)	distal convoluted tubule
			D)	collecting ducts

Learning Outcome 20.10

45			The fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ relative to the capillaries.
			A)	isotonic
			B)	weakly hypotonic
			C)	strongly hypotonic
			D)	hypertonic

Learning Outcome 20.11

46			The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to _____.
			A)	increase the concentration of NaCl
			B)	decrease the concentration of NaCl
			C)	change the blood levels of potassium
			D)	conserve potassium

Learning Outcome 20.14

47			What affect does ADH have on urine output?
			A)	minimal
			B)	increases
			C)	decreases
			D)	maintains

Learning Outcome 20.9

48			Where does ADH have its greatest effect?
			A)	loop of Henle
			B)	proximal convoluted tubule
			C)	distal convoluted tubule
			D)	glomerulus

Learning Outcome 20.7

49			Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of _____ in the blood.
			A)	protein
			B)	creatinine
			C)	urea
			D)	uric acid

Learning Outcome 20.7

50			Renal calculi are usually comprised of the following except which one?
			A)	calcium oxalate
			B)	cholesterol
			C)	uric acid
			D)	magnesium phosphate

Learning Outcome 20.13

51			The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of _____.
			A)	smooth muscle
			B)	squamous epithelium
			C)	transitional epithelium
			D)	simple columnar epithelium

Learning Outcome 20.14

52			Which of these is under voluntary control?
			A)	urethra
			B)	detrusor muscle
			C)	internal urethral sphincter
			D)	external urethral sphincter

Learning Outcome 20.14

53			The micturition reflex is centered in the _____.
			A)	medulla
			B)	sacral cord
			C)	hypothalamus
			D)	lumbar cord

Learning Outcome 20.2

54			Choose the statement that does NOT correctly characterize the kidneys.
			A)	The kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally.
			B)	The right kidney is usually 1.5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left one.
			C)	The kidney is padded by a layer of fat.
			D)	Inside the kidney there is a hollow chamber called the renal sinus.

Learning Outcome 20.3

55			The granular appearance of the renal cortex is due to ________________.
			A)	the positioning of blood vessels within this area
			B)	polycystic kidney disease
			C)	the random distribution of nephrons in this area
			D)	the positioning of the renal columns

Learning Outcome 20.5

56			The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the _________________ that carry blood to the nephrons.
			A)	interlobar arteries
			B)	arciform arteries
			C)	efferent arterioles
			D)	afferent arterioles

Learning Outcome 20.7

57			The concentrations of substances in the plasma, in the glomerular filtrate, and in urine differ in what way?
			A)	Plasma contains the most water, glomerular filtrate contains less water, and urine contains the least.
			B)	Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products.
			C)	Plasma differs from glomerular filtrate and urine, which have virtually identical concentrations of substances.
			D)	All three have the same concentrations of nutrients and waste materials, but differ in the amount of proteinaceous material they contain.

Learning Outcome 20.8

58			Which force favors filtration?
			A)	glomerular hydrostatic pressure
			B)	capsular hydrostatic pressure
			C)	glomerular capillary osmotic pressure
			D)	capsular osmotic pressure

Learning Outcome 20.8

59			Which factor does NOT affect glomerular filtration rate?
			A)	blood pressure
			B)	osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate
			C)	plasma osmotic pressure
			D)	concentration of leukocytes in the blood

Learning Outcome 20.3

60			The outermost structure of a kidney is the _____.
			A)	cortex
			B)	medulla
			C)	capsule
			D)	pelvis

Learning Outcome 20.8

61			What is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary bladder?
			A)	pressure
			B)	peristalsis
			C)	gravity
			D)	osmosis

Learning Outcome 20.13

62			What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the female?
			A)	length of urethra
			B)	presence of bacteria in rectum
			C)	hygiene
			D)	dietary factors

Learning Outcome 20.1

63			Which system functions in the excretion of soluble nitrogenous wastes?
			A)	gastrointestinal
			B)	pulmonary
			C)	urinary
			D)	integumentary

Learning Outcome 20.1

64			The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the _____.
			A)	proximal convoluted tubule
			B)	distal convoluted tubule
			C)	Bowman's capsule
			D)	loop of Henle

Learning Outcome 20.1

65			In which area can the term urine be correctly used?
			A)	Bowman's capsule
			B)	minor calyx
			C)	nephron
			D)	loop of Henle

Learning Outcome 20.5

66			The kidneys have the capability of controlling their own blood flow independent of general controls for circulation of organs such as the pancreas.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.9

67			The reason that most persons only have trace amounts of albumin in the urine is that of it is returned to the blood by reabsorption.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.9

68			The appearance of glycosuria indicates that the renal plasma threshold has been exceeded.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.9

69			Vitamin C will appear in the urine when an excess is consumed in the diet or supplements.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.4

70			The nephrotic syndrome usually causes hypoproteinemia, proteinuria, and generalized edema.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.4

71			Ions such as chloride usually passively follow the movement of cations to achieve electrical balance.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.10

72			Water will move from a hypotonic to a hypertonic area by osmosis.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.10

73			An increase in ADH production will tend to make the blood more hypertonic.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.10

74			Excessive sweating will usually cause a person to withhold their secretion of ADH.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.10

75			Aldosterone and ADH tend to have the same effect on blood concentration.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.7

76			Gout is a disease that causes uric acid crystals to form in joints.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.12

77			The secretion of H+ and reabsorption of bicarbonate anions are important pH regulating mechanisms of the kidney.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.4

78			PAH is a plasma clearance test that can be used to assess plasma flow through the kidneys.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.12

79			Infants have a greater probability of dehydrating than adults.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.13

80			Cystitis could spread from the bladder to the kidneys through the urethra.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.13

81			The membranous urethra is the portion found in males as well as females.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.13

82			In the female, the urinary bladder lies posterior to the uterus and vagina.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.14

83			It is normal for urine and semen to mix in the male.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.14

84			The internal urethral sphincter is totally under parasympathetic, autonomic control.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.14

85			Persons with spinal cord damage in the lumbar area will no longer have urination reflexes.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.4

86			Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually a renal infection associated with streptococcal bacteria.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.3

87			The glomerulus most closely resembles an area of capillaries.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 20.6

88			There are about one million nephrons in each kidney.
			A)	True
			B)	False