Chapter Objectives

After studying this chapter, students should be able to . . .

2. Distinguish between the caloric and anabolic requirements for food, and define the terms essential amino acids and essential fatty acids.

3. Distinguish between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and describe some of the functions of different vitamins.

4. Define the terms energy reserves and circulating energy substrates and explain how these sources of energy interact during anabolism and catabolism.

5. Describe the regulation of eating and discuss the endocrine control of metabolism in general terms.

6. Describe the regulation of adipocyte development and the roles of adipocytes in the regulation of hunger and tissue responsiveness to insulin.

7. Describe the actions of insulin and glucagon and explain how the secretion of these hormones is regulated.

8. Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate metabolism during feeding and fasting.

9. Describe the symptoms of insulin-dependant and non-insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus and explain how these conditions are produced.

10. Describe the metabolic effects of epinephrine and glucocorticoids.

11. Describe the effects of thyroxine on cell respiration and explain the relationship between thyroxine levels and basal metabolic rate.

12. Describe the symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and explain how these conditions are produced.

13. Describe the metabolic effects of growth hormone and explain why growth hormone and thyroxine are needed for proper body growth.

14. Describe the actions of parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and calcitonin, and explain how the secretion of these hormones is regulated.

15. Describe how 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is produced and explain why this compound is needed to prevent osteomalacia and rickets.