 |
1 | |
A kilocalorie is equal to 1,000 calories and can also be written as 1 kCal, or 1 "big C." (p. 602) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
2 | |
A person with hypothyroidism would be expected to have an abnormally high BMR, and a person with hyperthyroidism to have an abnormally low BMR. (p. 602) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
3 | |
A higher than normal BMR in certain obese people may be due to genetic factors which have been inherited. (p. 602) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
4 | |
When the intake of carbohydrates, protein, or fat exceeds the energy output, the excess calories are stored in the body primarily as fat. (p. 603) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
5 | |
Weight loss can be achieved by dieting alone or in combination with an exercise program to raise the metabolic rate. (p. 603) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
6 | |
Anabolism (the buildup of polymers) and catabolism (the breakdown of polymers) normally occur simultaneously within body cells. (p. 603) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
7 | |
Since fat can be made from excess carbohydrates, only a small amount of fat is necessary in the diet to supply essential fatty acids and adequate fat-soluble vitamins. (p. 604) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
8 | |
There are more essential fatty acids required by the body than there are essential amino acids required by the body. (p. 604) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
9 | |
Derivatives of the water-soluble vitamins primarily serve as cofactors for specific enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. (p. 605) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
10 | |
There are a number of major minerals that are essential in the diet, however none of the trace elements are considered essential because they are found in such small quantities in the body.(p.607) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
11 | |
Protein is combusted as a secondary, or an emergency, energy source only after glycogen and fat primary energy reserves have been utilized. (p. 608) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
12 | |
Skeletal muscle has an almost absolute requirement for blood glucose as its primary energy source. (p. 608) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
13 | |
The polypeptide, leptin, is secreted by the ob gene and may be the presumed satiety factor. (p. 613) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
14 | |
The postabsorptive state occurs between meals and generally refers to the fasting state. (p. 611) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
15 | |
Glucagon, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids are all catabolic hormones that break down larger energy reserves into simpler circulating substrates. (p. 611) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
16 | |
In the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, the alpha and beta cells act as both the sensors and effectors in the negative feedback regulation (homeostasis) of plasma glucose levels. (p. 613) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
17 | |
During the absorption of a carbohydrate meal, stimulation of the alpha cells causes the secretion of glucagon which acts to lower blood glucose levels by promoting its uptake by the tissues. (p. 617) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
18 | |
A fall in plasma glucose will stimulate the alpha cells to secrete glucagon and inhibit the release of insulin from beta cells. (p. 617) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
19 | |
The oral glucose tolerance test is a clinical procedure that challenges the ability of the beta cells to secrete insulin in response to a high glucose load that is ingested. (p. 619) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
20 | |
Ingestion of meals high in proteins and low in carbohydrates can stimulate the secretion of both insulin and glucagon from the pancreas. (p. 617) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
21 | |
The overall effect of glucagon is to lower blood glucose and amino acid levels by promoting their cellular uptake and incorporation into glycogen and proteins, respectively. (p. 617) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
22 | |
One anabolic effect of glucagon is the synthesis of triglycerides (lipogenesis) in adipose cells following a meal. (p. 617) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
23 | |
There is a maximum of about 100 g of stored glycogen in the skeletal muscles, whereas the liver can store approximately 375-400 g of glycogen. (p. 615) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
24 | |
Glycogen stores in liver and skeletal muscle are "limited" in that once these stores are filled, continued ingestion of excess calories will increase the production of fat. (p. 615) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
25 | |
During prolonged fasting or exercise, gluconeogenesis promotes the synthesis of new glucose molecules from noncarbohydrate substrates, such as certain amino acids and pyruvic acid molecules. (p. 616) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
26 | |
During fasting situations, or starvation, several organs in the body can use ketone bodies derived from fatty acid metabolism as an alternative energy source and thus spare the combustion of glucose. (p. 616) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
27 | |
Insulin is active primarily after eating (absorption), whereas glucagon is most active between meals (fasting). (p. 617) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
28 | |
Type I diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), occurring in about 10% of the patients with diabetes in this country. (p. 617) |
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
|
|
29 | |
Type II diabetes mellitus, also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) usually occurs in adults over forty years of age and is commonly associated with obesity. (p. 617) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
30 | |
Type I diabetics (IDDM) may actually secrete normal or slightly elevated amounts of insulin from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. (p. 617) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
31 | |
Obesity seems to increase the sensitivity of target cells to insulin, increasing the efficiency of glucose uptake by tissue cells. (p. 619) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
32 | |
People with type II diabetes do not usually develop ketoacidosis; but are at risk of blindness, kidney failure, and amputation of the lower extremities due to prolonged exposure to high blood glucose levels and to related circulatory problems. (p. 619) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
33 | |
Hypoglycemia, and possibly a coma, can result in patients with type I diabetes (IDDM) who inject themselves with an overdose of insulin. (p. 619) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
34 | |
The metabolic effects of epinephrine on its target cells are similar to those of the hormone, insulin. (p. 621) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
35 | |
Both glucagon and epinephrine stimulate glycogenolysis, with release of glucose from the liver, as well as lipolysis, with release of fatty acids from adipose cells. (p. 621) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
36 | |
Epinephrine and glucagon hormones have similar mechanisms of action that are both mediated by diacyl glycerol second messengers in their target cells. (p. 621) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
37 | |
Prolonged fasting or exercise stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary, which, in turn, stimulates an increase in the secretion of glucocorticoid hormones from the adrenal cortex. (p. 622) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
38 | |
Stress-induced release of glucocorticoids such as hydrocortisone (cortisol), results in the release of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and ketone bodies into the blood to help compensate for the state of stress. (p. 622) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
39 | |
Thyroxine (by way of its conversion to T3 in the cytoplasm) inhibits the rate of cell respiration in almost all cells in the body. (p. 622) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
40 | |
Thyroxine is also considered an anabolic hormone since it is necessary for normal growth of the skeleton and for proper development of the central nervous system (CNS). (p. 622) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
41 | |
Blood levels of growth hormone fluctuate each day and night cycle (circadian), with the highest GH levels reached when the person is awake during the day. (p. 623) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
42 | |
Growth hormone has both anabolic (protein synthesis) and catabolic (fat breakdown) effects that are remarkably similar to the effects of both insulin and glucagon on their respective target cells.(p. 623) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
43 | |
The growth-promoting effects of growth hormone on the skeleton seem to be mediated by the somatomedins from the liver, such as insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2). Somatomedins stimulate the cartilage chondrocytes to divide and secrete more matrix. (p. 623) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
44 | |
An inadequate secretion of growth hormone during the growing years results in dwarfism.(p. 624) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
45 | |
Continuously throughout life the bone-forming cells, or osteoclasts, serve to construct bone while simultaneously, the bone-dissolving cells, or osteoblasts work to resorb bone. (p. 625) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
46 | |
By the age of fifty or sixty, the rate of bone resorption often exceeds the rate of bone deposition, thereby reducing the density of weight-bearing long bones and increasing the risk of fractures.(p. 625) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
47 | |
The hormones most involved in the endocrine regulation of calcium and phosphate balance are parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and calcitonin. (p. 626) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
48 | |
Osteoporosis is most common in postmenopausal women, where the reduction in the secretion of estrogen from the ovaries may be related to inadequate osteoblast activity. (p. 626) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
49 | |
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released when the plasma Ca2+ levels rise, stimulating the activity of osteoblast cells in bone. (p. 626) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
50 | |
Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands results in a drastic rise in calcium levels in the plasma, or hypercalcemia. (p. 626) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
51 | |
Vitamin D3 functions as a prehormone which must be chemically changed in order to become biologically active. (p. 631) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
52 | |
The primary function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is to raise the blood levels of calcium and phosphate, by promoting both their absorption in the intestine and their reabsorption from the filtrate in the kidney nephrons. (p. 627) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
53 | |
High blood calcium can be decreased by the combined actions of both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. (p. 628) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education