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1 | |
Which statement about the total rate of body metabolism, or metabolic rate is false? (p. 602) |
| | A) | It can be measured by the amount of heat generated by the body. |
| | B) | It can be measured by the amount of oxygen consumed by the body per minute. |
| | C) | It is increased both by eating and by physical exercise. |
| | D) | It is increased when the body core temperature is lowered (hypothermia). |
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2 | |
Which of the following is not a source of energy for use by the body tissues? (p. 603) |
| | A) | hemoglobin |
| | B) | ketone bodies |
| | C) | fatty acids |
| | D) | amino acids |
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3 | |
Which factor is not involved in the direct determination of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? (p. 602) |
| | A) | male or female gender |
| | B) | age and body frame size |
| | C) | thyroid hormone secretions |
| | D) | daily dietary caloric intake |
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4 | |
In general, the average daily turnover rate for fat is about 100 g/day, but only a small amount of fat is actually required in the diet daily. This is true because (p. 604) |
| | A) | fat is not healthy and therefore should not be required in the diet. |
| | B) | fat tissue is broken down in very small amounts as fuel for body cells. |
| | C) | fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids can be supplied by other nutrients |
| | D) | fat molecules can be synthesized from other nutrients, such as carbohydrates |
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5 | |
Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin? (p. 604) |
| | A) | A |
| | B) | D |
| | C) | C |
| | D) | E |
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6 | |
The vitamin that is converted into a hormone (with the help of the sun!) to help regulate calcium levels in the blood is (p. 606) |
| | A) | vitamin D |
| | B) | vitamin K |
| | C) | vitamin C |
| | D) | thiamine |
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7 | |
Of the following elements, which one is needed in relatively large amounts to function as a cofactor for specific enzymes and, therefore, is not considered a trace element? (p. 607) |
| | A) | fluorine |
| | B) | zinc |
| | C) | magnesium |
| | D) | iron |
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8 | |
Beta carotene is consumed with foods such as carrots and is converted into a vitamin that is used as a photopigment and regulates embryonic development; this vitamin formed from beta carotene is (p. 606) |
| | A) | vitamin A |
| | B) | vitamin K |
| | C) | vitamin C |
| | D) | riboflavin |
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9 | |
Which of the following is not considered a circulating energy substrate? (p. 606) |
| | A) | vitamins |
| | B) | fatty acids |
| | C) | ketone bodies |
| | D) | amino acids |
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10 | |
Which statement about eating behavior is false? (p. 609) |
| | A) | The ventromedial and lateral areas of the hypothalamus may play a role in the regulation of both feeding and satiety responses. |
| | B) | Chemical neurotransmitters such as endorphins may suppress overeating in rats. |
| | C) | The neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin seem to have opposing action. |
| | D) | The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) may travel to the brain and act as a neurotransmitter to stop eating activity. |
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11 | |
Which statement about the adipostat regulatory centers regulatory system, is false? (p. 609) |
| | A) | It is responsible for increasing the size of adipose tissue depots when we overeat. |
| | B) | It maintains body weight homeostasis by means of negative feedback mechanisms. |
| | C) | It acts to "defend" a particular body weight, or the amount of adipose tissue. |
| | D) | It influences hunger and metabolism through the action of hormones. |
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12 | |
The increase in adipose cell number that occurs after birth is partly due to the development of adipocytes from preadipocytes that requires the action of a recently discovered nuclear receptor protein in adipocytes, called (p. 609) |
| | A) | tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) |
| | B) | leptin |
| | C) | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARγ) |
| | D) | 15 deoxyprostaglandinJ2 (15d-PGJ2) |
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13 | |
Adipocytes secrete many molecules (cytokines), including _____, whose increased production in the overweight may contribute to the insulin resistance seen in obese people. (p. 609) |
| | A) | leptin |
| | B) | tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) |
| | C) | cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| | D) | neuropeptide Y |
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14 | |
Which of the following substances is secreted by the hypothalamus and serves as a powerful stimulator of appetite? (p. 610) |
| | A) | neuropeptide Y |
| | B) | tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α ) |
| | C) | 15 deoxyprostaglandinJ2 (15d-PGJ2) |
| | D) | melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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15 | |
Insulin resistance would best be observed in people who (p. 611) |
| | A) | have very little body fat due to starvation or eating disorders. |
| | B) | have very large skeletal muscle development, such as athletes and body builders. |
| | C) | have type II diabetes mellitus secondary to obesity. |
| | D) | were born with the homozygous ob/ob genotype. |
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16 | |
In the diagnosis of obesity, the body mass index (BMI) is often calculated. This measurement requires the individual's weight in kilograms and the individual's (p. 611) |
| | A) | height in meters |
| | B) | body surface area in square centimeters |
| | C) | head circumference in centimeters |
| | D) | waist-to-hip ratio |
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17 | |
Which two hormones have both anabolic and catabolic effects? (p. 611) |
| | A) | insulin and glucagon |
| | B) | epinephrine and glucocorticoids |
| | C) | growth hormone and thyroxine |
| | D) | glucagon and thyroxine |
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18 | |
The hormone, _____ is secreted by the delta cells of the islet of Langerhans and is identical to that produced by the hypothalamus and the intestine. (p. 613) |
| | A) | insulin |
| | B) | glucagon |
| | C) | somatostatin |
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19 | |
The most numerous cells of the islets of Langerhans are the ____ cells that secrete the hormone____. (p. 613) |
| | A) | alpha; insulin |
| | B) | beta; insulin |
| | C) | delta; glucagon |
| | D) | beta; glucagon |
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20 | |
Which statement about the regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion from the islets of Langerhans is false? (p. 614) |
| | A) | Alpha and beta cells respond to changes in both the glucose and the amino acid concentrations in the plasma. |
| | B) | Hormone level homeostasis is regulated by negative feedback loops. |
| | C) | Alpha and beta cells act as both the sensors and the effectors in this control system. |
| | D) | After a meal, the rise in plasma glucose levels stimulates the release of glucagon. |
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21 | |
Which autonomic nerve effect on the pancreas is not correct? (p. 615) |
| | A) | Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervate the islets of Langerhans. |
| | B) | Parasympathetic stimulation during meals decreases insulin secretion. |
| | C) | Sympathetic stimulation increases glucagon secretion and inhibits insulin secretion. |
| | D) | Together with epinephrine, glucagon is involved in "stress hyperglycemia." |
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22 | |
Insulin promotes all of these effects except the (p. 615) |
| | A) | cellular uptake of plasma glucose and amino acids. |
| | B) | synthesis of glycogen (glycogenesis) in the liver and muscles. |
| | C) | synthesis of triglycerides (fat) in adipose cells and cellular uptake of plasma fatty acids. |
| | D) | hydrolysis of liver glycogen and activation of glucose 6-phosphatase, releasing free glucose molecules into the blood. |
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23 | |
Which statement about the postabsorptive, or fasting state, is false? (p. 615) |
| | A) | Glucagon secretion is high and insulin secretion is low. |
| | B) | Glucose-6-phosphatase enzymes in the liver promote the release of free glucose. |
| | C) | The muscle cells themselves for energy can only use muscle glycogen stores. |
| | D) | Liver glycogen stores can only be used by the liver cells themselves for energy. |
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24 | |
The enzyme called hormone-sensitive lipase (p. 616) |
| | A) | is found only in liver cells |
| | B) | is sensitive to and activated by the hormone, insulin |
| | C) | promotes the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides, releasing free fatty acids and glycerol |
| | D) | converts triglycerides into ketone bodies as an alternative energy source |
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25 | |
Which statement about diabetes mellitus is false? (p. 617) |
| | A) | It is characterized by chronic low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). |
| | B) | It can result from inadequate insulin release as beta cells are destroyed. |
| | C) | It can result from target cells not responding to insulin. |
| | D) | Glucose usually "spills over" into the urine causing glycosuria. |
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26 | |
Type II diabetes mellitus is characterized by (p. 617) |
| | A) | destruction of the beta cells by an autoimmune attack or by viruses, for example. |
| | B) | the absence of the hormone insulin in the plasma. |
| | C) | its occurrence in people over 40, representing 90% of the people with diabetes mellitus. |
| | D) | its diagnosis in people under the age of thirty; consequently once called juvenile-onset diabetes. |
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27 | |
In people with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus which of the following do not occur (p. 617) |
| | A) | large amounts of free fatty acids are released from adipose cells (lipolysis). |
| | B) | the liver raises the blood levels of ketone bodies, causing ketosis. |
| | C) | the pH of the blood may go up (become more alkaline) because more bicarbonate is made. |
| | D) | osmotic diuresis may cause dehydration as water follows the excess solute (glucose) into the urine. |
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28 | |
Reactive hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by (p. 620) |
| | A) | inadequate insulin secretion from the beta cells. |
| | B) | genetic predisposition to type I diabetes (IDDM). |
| | C) | an exaggerated response of the beta cells to a rise in blood glucose levels, especially in potential type II (NIDDM) individuals. |
| | D) | the lack of response by the target cells to either diet or exercise treatments. |
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29 | |
Which statement about the adrenal gland is false? (p. 621) |
| | A) | The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| | B) | The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone and glucocorticoids such as cortisol. |
| | C) | The adrenal medulla responds to sympathetic nerve activity. |
| | D) | The adrenal cortex secretes the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). |
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30 | |
Which statement about the hormone, thyroxine is false? (p. 622) |
| | A) | It is also called tetraiodothyronine, or T4. |
| | B) | It is released from the thyroid follicles when stimulated by the hormone, ACTH. |
| | C) | It has target cells in almost all organs of the body. |
| | D) | It is a prehormone that must first be converted to T3 within the target cells to be active. |
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31 | |
Which action of thyroxine is false? (p. 622) |
| | A) | It stimulates the rate of cell respiration in almost all cells of the body. |
| | B) | It reduces the concentration of ATP in target cells. |
| | C) | It reduces body heat production which is required during cold adaptation. |
| | D) | Its concentration in the blood is directly related to the basal metabolic rate (BMR). |
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32 | |
Cretinism, is a condition that (p. 623) |
| | A) | is due to an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). |
| | B) | results in severe mental retardation. |
| | C) | results from a lack of growth hormone. |
| | D) | results in excessive growth. |
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33 | |
Which statement about growth hormone (GH) is false? (p. 623) |
| | A) | Its secretion follows a circadian rhythm; increasing during periods of sleep. |
| | B) | It is also known as somatotropic hormone. |
| | C) | It is inhibited by somatostatin, a hormone released from the hypothalamus. |
| | D) | It is synthesized by and released from the posterior pituitary. |
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34 | |
Which statement about growth hormone (GH) is false? (p. 623) |
| | A) | Its secretion increases after a high protein meal, during which amino acids are absorbed. |
| | B) | Its secretion falls during prolonged fasting or starving. |
| | C) | It secretion is increased when plasma glucose levels are low. |
| | D) | It stimulates the catabolism of fat and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. |
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35 | |
Oversecretion of growth hormone (GH) in adults causes (p. 624) |
| | A) | gigantism |
| | B) | Graves' disease |
| | C) | acromegaly |
| | D) | dwarfism |
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36 | |
Which statement about bone is false? (p. 625) |
| | A) | Bone serves as a large store of minerals, namely calcium and carbonate. |
| | B) | Calcium is stored in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone. |
| | C) | Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete an organic matrix of collagen protein that becomes hardened by deposits of hydroxyapatite. |
| | D) | Osteoclast cells routinely dissolve hydroxyapatite crystals in a process called resorption. |
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37 | |
Which effect is not mediated by calcium ion (Ca2+)? (p. 625) |
| | A) | excitation-contraction coupling between neurons and fibers in muscles |
| | B) | as the second messenger in the action of certain hormones |
| | C) | oxygen-binding ion within heme groups of hemoglobin |
| | D) | maintenance of proper membrane permeability to sodium and other ions |
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38 | |
Which bone disorder is due to excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) that result in the stimulation of bone osteoclast activity? (p. 627) |
| | A) | rickets |
| | B) | osteomalacia |
| | C) | osteoporosis |
| | D) | osteitis fibrosa cystica with hypercalcemia |
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39 | |
Which statement about parathyroid hormone (PTH) is false? (p. 626) |
| | A) | PTH is released from the parathyroid glands when blood Ca2+ levels fall. |
| | B) | PTH stimulates the osteoclasts to increase bone resorption. |
| | C) | PTH increases Ca2+ (but not phosphate) reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate of kidney nephrons. |
| | D) | PTH inhibits the formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. |
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40 | |
The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (p. 627) |
| | A) | follows a diurnal cycle and is greatest during sleep. |
| | B) | requires an hydroxylation reaction using an enzyme made in the skin epithelial cells. |
| | C) | requires an hydroxylation reaction using an enzyme made in the kidneys. |
| | D) | is inhibited by parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
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41 | |
In individuals with a normal diet, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 directly stimulates the (p. 627) |
| | A) | intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. |
| | B) | deposition of calcium and phosphate into bone. |
| | C) | loss of calcium and phosphate in the urine. |
| | D) | fall in both calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. |
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42 | |
Which statement about calcitonin is false? (p. 629) |
| | A) | Calcitonin is secreted by the parafollicular cells, or C cells, of the thyroid gland. |
| | B) | Calcitonin acts to lower blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, thus reducing bone resorption. |
| | C) | Calcitonin inhibits the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate in the kidneys, thus increasing the urinary excretion of these minerals. |
| | D) | Calcitonin's action is clearly synergistic to that of parathyroid hormone and is therefore required to maintain calcium homeostasis in the body. |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education