 |
1 | |
Jean Piaget gathered the information for his theories about cognitive development by |
| | A) | reviewing the literature on cognitive development. |
| | B) | surveying thousands of parents. |
| | C) | observing his own children. |
| | D) | testing hundreds of children in his laboratory. |
|
|
2 | |
In a Piagetian model, __________ is a cognitive structure that helps individuals organizeand understand their experiences.
|
| | A) | a memory
|
| | B) | an image
|
| | C) | cognition
|
| | D) | a scheme
|
|
|
3 | |
Piaget's theory is a qualitative theory of cognitive development, which means that it:
|
| | A) | uses standardized tests to measure and describe thought.
|
| | B) | explains what kinds of knowledge are typical of children at different ages.
|
| | C) | identifies different kinds of thinking children perform at different ages.
|
| | D) | provides ways to determine how well children think at different stages.
|
|
|
4 | |
According to Piaget, during the first sensorimotor substage, infants' behaviors are:
|
| | A) | reflexive.
|
| | B) | maladaptive.
|
| | C) | unchanging.
|
| | D) | reinforced.
|
|
|
5 | |
Which is the best example of Piaget's concept of a habit?
|
| | A) | learning to suck on a nipple and later being able to do it while sleeping
|
| | B) | accidentally shaking a rattle, which produces a sound, and then purposefully shaking the rattle to produce the sound
|
| | C) | initially blinking reflexively in response to a bright light and then blinking when no stimulus is present
|
| | D) | learning to laugh at people who slip on ice and fall down
|
|
|
6 | |
By chance, Abigail shook her rattle. She then began to repeat this action of shaking her rattle. As a normal infant, Abigail is in which substage?
|
| | A) | reflexive
|
| | B) | first habits and primary circular reactions
|
| | C) | secondary circular reactions
|
| | D) | coordination of secondary circular reactions
|
|
|
7 | |
Laurent has problems retrieving a ball that rolled out of reach, so he uses a Tinkertoy stick to hit it. He is in which substage?
|
| | A) | primary circular reactions
|
| | B) | secondary circular reactions
|
| | C) | coordination of secondary circular reactions
|
| | D) | tertiary circular reactions
|
|
|
8 | |
When D'Andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, but when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old he does look for it, reflecting the presence of:
|
| | A) | object permanence.
|
| | B) | self-differentiation.
|
| | C) | assimilation.
|
| | D) | schemata.
|
|
|
9 | |
Much of the new research on cognitive development in children suggests that:
|
| | A) | Piaget's view was accurate.
|
| | B) | Piaget's view was wrong.
|
| | C) | Piaget's view needs to be modified.
|
| | D) | it is impossible to replicate Piaget's research because it was done primarily on his three children.
|
|
|
10 | |
Research by Renée Baillargeon has found that:
|
| | A) | infants as young as 4 months of age have intermodal perception.
|
| | B) | infants as young as 4 months of age expect objects to be substantial and permanent.
|
| | C) | equipment for testing children under 4 months of age is not yet sophisticated enough to provide useful information about perception.
|
| | D) | infants are not able to see objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their background until they are at least 4 months old.
|
|
|
11 | |
Infants whose parents use sign language have been observed to start using conventional signs at about months of age.
|
| | A) | 2 to 3
|
| | B) | 6 to 7
|
| | C) | 9 to 10
|
| | D) | 12 to 13
|
|
|
12 | |
Carolyn Rovee-Collier (1987) has demonstrated:
|
| | A) | young infants' inability to learn from classical conditioning.
|
| | B) | young infants' inability to learn from operant conditioning.
|
| | C) | how infants can retain information through classical conditioning.
|
| | D) | how infants can retain information through operant conditioning.
|
|
|
13 | |
________ occurs when repeated exposure to the same stimulus results in a reduced reaction to that stimulus.
|
| | A) | Habituation
|
| | B) | Object permanence
|
| | C) | Transference
|
| | D) | Dishabituation
|
|
|
14 | |
Which is an example of dishabituation?
|
| | A) | the excitement students exhibit when a boring professor shows a film instead of lecturing
|
| | B) | first being bothered by wearing a new wristwatch, but then getting so used to it that you forget you're wearing it
|
| | C) | realizing that when a jet flies off into the distance it still exists
|
| | D) | a drinker who believes she is not responsible for her actions
|
|
|
15 | |
Having an understanding of habituation and dishabituation can benefit parent-infant interaction in that the "wise" parent does all of the following EXCEPT:
|
| | A) | presents many repetitions of a stimulus so the infant can process the information.
|
| | B) | stops repetitively presenting a stimulus when the infant redirects her attention.
|
| | C) | continues to present a stimulus to regain the infant's attention when the infant looks away.
|
| | D) | changes behaviors when the infant redirects her attention.
|
|
|
16 | |
Research by Andrew Meltzoff (1992, 1999) showing the infant's ability to imitate adult facial expressions shortly after birth demonstrates that:
|
| | A) | imitative abilities are learned quickly.
|
| | B) | imitation has a biological base.
|
| | C) | infants have a full range of emotional expression at birth.
|
| | D) | imitation is a form of emotional expression.
|
|
|
17 | |
Meltzoff has found that infants demonstrate the ability to engage in deferred imitation by age months.
|
| | A) | 3
|
| | B) | 6
|
| | C) | 9
|
| | D) | 18
|
|
|
18 | |
Lorenzo is a normal 4-month-old infant. Thus we would expect him to have memory.
|
| | A) | both implicit and explicit
|
| | B) | neither implicit nor explicit
|
| | C) | implicit but not explicit
|
| | D) | explicit but not implicit
|
|
|
19 | |
Sarula is 18 years old. She finds it frustrating that she cannot remember anything prior to the time she was 3 years old. According to the research on memory:
|
| | A) | she is "normal," since most adults cannot remember anything from the first 3 years of their life.
|
| | B) | her memory is deficient, since it is common for adults to remember back to the time when they were at least 2 years old.
|
| | C) | she should be concerned, because it appears she is suffering from a loss of memory called infantile amnesia.
|
| | D) | her inability to remember before age 3 may be an indicator that she was sexually molested as an infant.
|
|
|
20 | |
The developmental quotient (DQ) is a global developmental score that combines subscores in all of the following domains EXCEPT:
|
| | A) | motor.
|
| | B) | language.
|
| | C) | physical.
|
| | D) | personal-social.
|
|
|
21 | |
The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence:
|
| | A) | estimates intelligence by comparing the amount of time a baby looks at a new object and the amount of time spent looking at a familiar object.
|
| | B) | assesses infants' overall development in terms of motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains.
|
| | C) | has been successful at measuring infant intelligence in industrialized nations, but not in third-world countries.
|
| | D) | was the first measure of infant intelligence.
|
|
|
22 | |
The _________ has been predictive of academic achievement at 6 or 8 years of age.
|
| | A) | Piagetian Sensorimotor Scales
|
| | B) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development
|
| | C) | Gesell Developmental Schedules
|
| | D) | Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scales
|
|
|
23 | |
Infant intelligence scales are useful for all of the following EXCEPT:
|
| | A) | assessing the effects of malnutrition.
|
| | B) | predicting childhood intelligence.
|
| | C) | determining developmental effects of environmental stimulation.
|
| | D) | measuring detrimental effects of a mother's prenatal drug-taking habits.
|
|
|
24 | |
Language is most accurately defined as a system of __________ that allow for communication with others.
|
| | A) | images
|
| | B) | vocalizations
|
| | C) | symbols
|
| | D) | words
|
|
|
25 | |
The child's first word is typically uttered at around __________ months.
|
| | A) | 3 to 6
|
| | B) | 6 to 9
|
| | C) | 9 to 10
|
| | D) | 10 to 15
|
|
|
26 | |
The child's first words:
|
| | A) | are the same today as they were 50 years ago.
|
| | B) | were more likely related to people than to objects 50 years ago as compared with today.
|
| | C) | are more likely related to people than to objects today than they were 50 years ago.
|
| | D) | are more complex today than they were 50 years ago.
|
|
|
27 | |
Andrew sees a cat on the lawn then says to his mother, "Kitty." The notion that Andrew is using that one word to imply a whole sentence, such as "That's a kitty," would be suggestive of the hypothesis.
|
| | A) | generalization
|
| | B) | generativity
|
| | C) | cognitive
|
| | D) | holophrase
|
|
|
28 | |
Which statement about the two-word utterances of 18- to 24-month old children is NOT correct?
|
| | A) | The child relies heavily on gesture, tone, and context to help convey meaning.
|
| | B) | They are used by children in such diversecountries as the United States, Germany, Russia, and Samoa.
|
| | C) | They are difficult for adults to understand.
|
| | D) | They can communicate a wealth of meaning.
|
|
|
29 | |
The strongest evidence for the biological basis of language is that:
|
| | A) | a language acquisition device (LAD) has been located in the brain's temporal lobe.
|
| | B) | children all over the world reach language milestones at about the same time and in the same order.
|
| | C) | language represents chains of responses and imitation.
|
| | D) | children from middle-income professional and welfare backgrounds develop normally in terms of language.
|
|
|
30 | |
The best estimate is that human language evolved about __________ years ago.
|
| | A) | 20,000
|
| | B) | 50,000
|
| | C) | 100,000
|
| | D) | 500,000
|
|
|
31 | |
If a child were reared in isolation from people for the first 10 or 11 years of life, that child would likely:
|
| | A) | never learn to communicate effectively with humans.
|
| | B) | learn to communicate if given speech and language therapy.
|
| | C) | learn to communicate if placed in a warm, comfortable environment.
|
| | D) | learn to communicate in that child's own personal language system understood by a few people.
|
|
|
32 | |
In their study of language development in children, Hart and Risley (1995) found that:
|
| | A) | middle-income professional parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the welfare parents did.
|
| | B) | welfare parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the middle-income professional parents did.
|
| | C) | in the United States, there were few differences between the amount of time middle-income professional parents and welfare parents spent communicating with their children.
|
| | D) | the amount of time that parents spent communicating with their children made little difference in terms of the children's later language abilities.
|
|
|
33 | |
Dr. Jones claims Marie can make a negative statement because that use was reinforced. Dr. Jones most likely takes which view?
|
| | A) | biological
|
| | B) | behavioral
|
| | C) | cognitive
|
| | D) | interactionist
|
|
|
34 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about infant-directed speech?
|
| | A) | It is sometimes called "parentese."
|
| | B) | It involves the use of simple words and sentences.
|
| | C) | Much of it is automatic when an adult is talking to a baby.
|
| | D) | It has a lower than normal pitch.
|
|
|
35 | |
When Jennifer said, "The deer was running," Mother asked, "Where was the deer running?" Mother's strategy is:
|
| | A) | echoing.
|
| | B) | expanding.
|
| | C) | recasting.
|
| | D) | labeling.
|
|
Match the following persons with the statement or theory that most closely reflects their perspective:
2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education