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1 | |
Hyun-Joo experiences great satisfaction through nurturing, guiding, and teaching skills to her children. According to Erik Erikson, Hyun-Joo is dealing successfully with which psychological task? |
| | A) | industry versus inferiority |
| | B) | identity versus confusion |
| | C) | intimacy versus isolation |
| | D) | generativity versus stagnation |
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2 | |
An adult who has successfully resolved the conflicts of the generativity versus stagnation psychosocial stage is most likely to: |
| | A) | donate money to a scholarship fund. |
| | B) | buy a piece of a football franchise. |
| | C) | spend time and money on exercise programs. |
| | D) | hire consultants to teach junior executives the finer points of business management. |
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3 | |
According to Daniel Levinson, a major conflict that a middle-aged man must face is: |
| | A) | mortality versus immortality. |
| | B) | being young versus being old. |
| | C) | empty nest syndrome. |
| | D) | industry versus inferiority. |
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4 | |
According to Daniel Levinson, the success of the midlife transition is dependent upon how effectively the individual: |
| | A) | accepts polarities of the conflicts as an integral part of his or her being. |
| | B) | chooses the most troublesome conflict and resolves it. |
| | C) | learns to pay more attention to the needs of others than to his or her own needs. |
| | D) | realizes the sense of urgency in his or her life and comes to terms with it. |
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5 | |
According to George Vaillant: |
| | A) | a majority of middle-aged adults go through a midlife crisis. |
| | B) | the forties are a time for reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years. |
| | C) | there is a great deal of empirical research to support Gail Sheehy's observations. |
| | D) | individuals between ages 40 and 60 are more nervous and worried than those under 40. |
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6 | |
Stage theories of adult development have been criticized for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: |
| | A) | stage theories place too much emphasis on crises in development. |
| | B) | there often is considerable individual variation in the way people experience the stages. |
| | C) | experts are virtually unanimous in their belief that midlife crises have been exaggerated. |
| | D) | many of the studies have been flawed by the investigators' questionable research skills. |
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7 | |
Evidence from an accumulation of studies indicates that the midlife crisis is: |
| | A) | a universal phenomenon. |
| | B) | present in a majority of individuals, but not all. |
| | C) | dependent on the cohort that is currently middle-aged. |
| | D) | exaggerated. |
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8 | |
The contemporary life-events approach emphasizes that how life events influence the individual's development depends not only on the life event, but also on all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | the individual's cohort membership. |
| | B) | the sociohistorical context. |
| | C) | mediating factors such as physical health and family support. |
| | D) | the individual's adaption to the life event. |
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9 | |
In a study of daily hassles by Kanner and colleagues (1981), middle-aged adults were most concerned with: |
| | A) | weight. |
| | B) | rising prices of common goods. |
| | C) | misplacing or losing things. |
| | D) | crime. |
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10 | |
The contemporary life-events approach is likely to place emphasis on: |
| | A) | stability rather than change. |
| | B) | change rather than stability. |
| | C) | daily experiences. |
| | D) | environmental rather than emotional change. |
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11 | |
The "social clock," as described by Bernice Neugarten (1986), is a: |
| | A) | timetable for accomplishing life's tasks. |
| | B) | way to assess how extraverted or introverted an individual is. |
| | C) | way to assess how extraverted or introverted a couple is. |
| | D) | biological timetable that guides certain of life's tasks such as bearing children. |
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12 | |
Stage theories of adult development have been criticized for: |
| | A) | having a female bias. |
| | B) | not adequately addressing women's concerns about relationships. |
| | C) | placing too much importance on childbearing and child rearing. |
| | D) | not adequately addressing how men balance career and family. |
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13 | |
When women in nonindustrialized countries reach middle age, their status improves for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: |
| | A) | they are freed from cumbersome restrictions placed on them when they were younger. |
| | B) | they have authority over younger relatives. |
| | C) | they have opportunities to gain status outside the home that younger women do not have. |
| | D) | they are no longer able to bear children. |
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14 | |
Regarding age changes in personality, Bernice Neugarten in the Kansas City Study found that: |
| | A) | personality remains fairly constant, but age changes do exist. |
| | B) | significant gender differences in personality were present, but mostly at younger ages. |
| | C) | neurosis increases with age, but social inhibitions in personality decline. |
| | D) | depression increases with age, but only in the personality of elderly who are widowed. |
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15 | |
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae determined that the "big five" personality factors: |
| | A) | showed different patterns of development during middle adulthood. |
| | B) | became the "big three" as adults matured. |
| | C) | go through a series of developmental stages. |
| | D) | remain relatively stable during the middle adult years. |
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16 | |
A cross-cultural study comparing adults from China and the United States found that: |
| | A) | older adults in both countries became more extraverted and flexible than their younger adult counterparts. |
| | B) | older adults in both countries became less extraverted and flexible than their younger adult counterparts. |
| | C) | older adults in the United States became more extraverted, while the older Chinese became less extraverted. |
| | D) | older adults in China became more flexible, while the older Americans became less flexible. |
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17 | |
John Clausen (1993), a researcher in the Berkeley longitudinal studies, believes: |
| | A) | not enough attention has been given to the role of discontinuity in adult development. |
| | B) | the experience of recurrent crises and change is a universal factor in adult development. |
| | C) | some people experience recurrent crises and change, while others have more stable, continuous lives. |
| | D) | the overall pattern of development during the life course is one of stability rather than change. |
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18 | |
Ravenna Helson described an awareness of limitations and death as a midlife: |
| | A) | consciousness. |
| | B) | stage. |
| | C) | crisis. |
| | D) | transformation. |
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19 | |
During the middle years, __________ love increases. |
| | A) | affectionate or companionate |
| | B) | romantic or passionate |
| | C) | intimate |
| | D) | committed |
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20 | |
Satisfying relationships in early, middle, and late adulthood share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: |
| | A) | emotional security. |
| | B) | passion. |
| | C) | respect. |
| | D) | communication. |
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21 | |
After 25 years of marriage, Andrew and Sarah have decided to divorce now that their daughters have left home. According to the research, we might expect their divorce to be more positive than a couple who divorces in early adulthood because: |
| | A) | they have greater resources, so both will be able to take what they need to set up their separate household. |
| | B) | their children no longer have any influence in what their parents decide. |
| | C) | they may understand themselves better and may be searching for changes in their lives. |
| | D) | they have fewer resources after paying for their daughters' college educations and weddings, so there are fewer resources to split up. |
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22 | |
The empty nest syndrome predicts that parents experience decreased marital satisfaction when the children leave home. Research has found that: |
| | A) | marital satisfaction does, in fact, decrease. |
| | B) | marital satisfaction actually increases. |
| | C) | conflict between parents and their children decreases. |
| | D) | conflict between parents and their children increases. |
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23 | |
When middle-aged parents mention disappointment regarding their adult children's development, they often say they wish: |
| | A) | they could spend more time with their children now. |
| | B) | their children had been more successful. |
| | C) | they had spent more time with them. |
| | D) | their children were more concerned about the parents' needs. |
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24 | |
In terms of children's perceptions of their parents: |
| | A) | adolescents and those over age 60 described their parents as providers of emotional and financial support. |
| | B) | adolescents and those over age 60 described their parents' uniqueness. |
| | C) | adolescents were more likely than the other individuals interviewed to be aware of the conditions that shaped their parents into the persons they were. |
| | D) | middle-aged adults described their parents as continuing to be emotionally supportive. |
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25 | |
The majority of sibling relationships in adulthood have been found to be: |
| | A) | apathetic. |
| | B) | close. |
| | C) | rivalrous. |
| | D) | antagonistic. |
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26 | |
Anita and Larry were always very close as children. Now that they are in middle adulthood, we would expect that they would: |
| | A) | still be very close. |
| | B) | be less close, particularly if they live in different parts of the country. |
| | C) | be less close no matter where they live. |
| | D) | be able to count on each other in times of crisis, but otherwise not maintain much contact. |
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27 | |
Parents and their adult children are most likely to DISAGREE about: |
| | A) | political party. |
| | B) | church attendance. |
| | C) | choice of lifestyle. |
| | D) | abortion. |
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28 | |
Which of the following pairs is most likely to have the closest relationship? |
| | A) | Margaret, age 65, and her son, Michael |
| | B) | Mildred, age 65, and her daughter, Roberta |
| | C) | Mort, age 65, and his son, Larry |
| | D) | Milton, age 65, and his daughter, Sandy |
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29 | |
Middle-aged adults have been described as the "sandwich" generation because: |
| | A) | they are now responsible for taking care of grandchildren, including preparing their meals, while their adult children are at work. |
| | B) | as retirees, they now spend more time at home and are able to eat together as a couple. |
| | C) | they face the demands of caring for both their children and their elderly parents. |
| | D) | it is now up to them to pass on family traditions to their children and grandchildren. |
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30 | |
When three levels of acculturation are observed in Mexican American families, they are usually: |
| | A) | children at beginning level, mothers at intermediate level, fathers at advanced level. |
| | B) | fathers at beginning level, mothers at intermediate level, children at advanced level. |
| | C) | mothers at beginning level, children at intermediate level, fathers at advanced level. |
| | D) | mothers at beginning level, fathers at intermediate level, children at advanced level. |
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31 | |
If the typical pattern is followed, which of the following middle-aged individuals is most likely to care for an aging parent? |
| | A) | Arthur, a divorced man living alone |
| | B) | Beatrice, whose children are now living on their own |
| | C) | Candice, whose three teenagers are still living at home |
| | D) | Derick, who lives with his wife and their teenage daughter |
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Match the following persons with the statement or theory that most closely reflects their perspective:
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32 | |
Daniel Levinson |
| | A) | Described the crisis of middle age as generativity versus stagnation |
| | B) | Believes that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis |
| | C) | Middle adulthood requires men to come to grips with four major conflicts |
| | D) | Returned to college at age 45 then began doing research on women's aging issues |
| | E) | Found evidence for stability in the "big five" personality factors |
| | F) | Too much attention is given to the role of discontinuity in adult development |
| | G) | Found midlife consciousness, rather than crisis, in Mills college alumnae |
| | H) | Believes an age group's social environment can alter its social clock |
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33 | |
George Vaillant |
| | A) | Described the crisis of middle age as generativity versus stagnation |
| | B) | Believes that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis |
| | C) | Middle adulthood requires men to come to grips with four major conflicts |
| | D) | Returned to college at age 45 then began doing research on women's aging issues |
| | E) | Found evidence for stability in the "big five" personality factors |
| | F) | Too much attention is given to the role of discontinuity in adult development |
| | G) | Found midlife consciousness, rather than crisis, in Mills college alumnae |
| | H) | Believes an age group's social environment can alter its social clock |
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34 | |
Bernice Neugarten |
| | A) | Described the crisis of middle age as generativity versus stagnation |
| | B) | Believes that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis |
| | C) | Middle adulthood requires men to come to grips with four major conflicts |
| | D) | Returned to college at age 45 then began doing research on women's aging issues |
| | E) | Found evidence for stability in the "big five" personality factors |
| | F) | Too much attention is given to the role of discontinuity in adult development |
| | G) | Found midlife consciousness, rather than crisis, in Mills college alumnae |
| | H) | Believes an age group's social environment can alter its social clock |
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35 | |
Ravenna Helson |
| | A) | Described the crisis of middle age as generativity versus stagnation |
| | B) | Believes that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis |
| | C) | Middle adulthood requires men to come to grips with four major conflicts |
| | D) | Returned to college at age 45 then began doing research on women's aging issues |
| | E) | Found evidence for stability in the "big five" personality factors |
| | F) | Too much attention is given to the role of discontinuity in adult development |
| | G) | Found midlife consciousness, rather than crisis, in Mills college alumnae |
| | H) | Believes an age group's social environment can alter its social clock |
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36 | |
Paul Costa |
| | A) | Described the crisis of middle age as generativity versus stagnation |
| | B) | Believes that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis |
| | C) | Middle adulthood requires men to come to grips with four major conflicts |
| | D) | Returned to college at age 45 then began doing research on women's aging issues |
| | E) | Found evidence for stability in the "big five" personality factors |
| | F) | Too much attention is given to the role of discontinuity in adult development |
| | G) | Found midlife consciousness, rather than crisis, in Mills college alumnae |
| | H) | Believes an age group's social environment can alter its social clock |
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37 | |
Erik Erikson |
| | A) | Described the crisis of middle age as generativity versus stagnation |
| | B) | Believes that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis |
| | C) | Middle adulthood requires men to come to grips with four major conflicts |
| | D) | Returned to college at age 45 then began doing research on women's aging issues |
| | E) | Found evidence for stability in the "big five" personality factors |
| | F) | Too much attention is given to the role of discontinuity in adult development |
| | G) | Found midlife consciousness, rather than crisis, in Mills college alumnae |
| | H) | Believes an age group's social environment can alter its social clock |
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38 | |
John Clausen |
| | A) | Described the crisis of middle age as generativity versus stagnation |
| | B) | Believes that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis |
| | C) | Middle adulthood requires men to come to grips with four major conflicts |
| | D) | Returned to college at age 45 then began doing research on women's aging issues |
| | E) | Found evidence for stability in the "big five" personality factors |
| | F) | Too much attention is given to the role of discontinuity in adult development |
| | G) | Found midlife consciousness, rather than crisis, in Mills college alumnae |
| | H) | Believes an age group's social environment can alter its social clock |
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39 | |
Lilian Troll |
| | A) | Described the crisis of middle age as generativity versus stagnation |
| | B) | Believes that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis |
| | C) | Middle adulthood requires men to come to grips with four major conflicts |
| | D) | Returned to college at age 45 then began doing research on women's aging issues |
| | E) | Found evidence for stability in the "big five" personality factors |
| | F) | Too much attention is given to the role of discontinuity in adult development |
| | G) | Found midlife consciousness, rather than crisis, in Mills college alumnae |
| | H) | Believes an age group's social environment can alter its social clock |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education