Beattie, I.D. "Modeling Operations and Algorithms." Arithmetic Teacher 33 (February 1986): 23-28.

Bobis, J. F. "Using a Calculator to Develop Number Sense." Arithmetic Teacher 38 (January 1991): 42-45.

Burton , G. M., A. Mills, C. Lennon, and C. Parkers. Number Sense and Operations. Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics Addenda Series: Grades K-6. Reston , VA : National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1993.

Carroll, W.M. and D. Porter. "Alternative Algorithms for Whole-Number Operations." The Teaching and Learning of Algorithms in School Mathematics. 1998 Yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, edited by L.J. Morrow and M.J. Kenney, pp. 106-114. Reston , VA ; National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1998.

Englert, G. R., and R. Sinicrope. "Making Connections with Two-Digit Multiplication." Arithmetic Teacher 41 (April 1994):446-448.

Kamii, C., B.A. Lewis, and S.J. Livingston. "Primary Arithmetic: Children Inventing Their Own Procedures." Arithmetic Teacher 41 (December 1993): 200-203.

Kamii, C., and L. Joseph. " Teaching Place Value and Double-Column Addition." Arithmetic Teacher 35 (February 1988): 48-52.

Leutzinger, Larry P. "Developing Thinking Strategies for Addition Facts." Teaching Children Mathematics 6 (September 1999): 14-18.

McClain, K., P. Cobb, and J. Bowers. "A Contextual Investigation of Three-Digit Addition and Subtraction." The Teaching and Learning of Algorithms in School Mathematics. 1998 Yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, edited by L.J. Morrow and M.J. Kenney, pp. 141-150. Reston , VA ; National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1998.

Nagel, N.G., and C.C. Swingen. "Students' Explanations of Place Value in Addition and Subtraction" Teaching Children Mathematics 5 (November 1998): 164-170.

Page, A. "Helping Students Understand Subtraction." Teaching Children Mathematics 1 (November 1994): 140-143.

Pearson, E.S. "Summing It All Up: Pre-1900 Algorithms." Arithmetic Teacher 33 (March 1986): 38-41.

Randolph , Tamela D., and Helene J. Sherman. "Alternative Algorithms: Increasing Options, Reducing Errors." Teaching Children Mathematics 7 (April 2001): 480-484.

Reys, B.J. "Mental Computation."Arithmetic Teacher 32 (February 1985): 43-46.

Reys, R.E. "Estimation." Arithmetic Teacher 32 (February 1985): 37-41.

Russell, Susan Jo. "Developing Computational Fluency with Whole Numbers." Teaching Children Mathematics 7 (November 2000): 154-158

Schielack, J. F. "Reaching Young Pupils with Technology." Arithmetic Teacher 38 (February 1991): 51-55.

Sherrill, J.M. "Magic Squares and Magic Triangles." Arithmetic Teacher 35 (October 1987): 44-47.

Shifter, D. "Reasoning about Operations: Early Algebraic Thinking in Grades K-6." Developing Mathematical Reasoning in Grades K-12. 1999 Yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, edited by Lee V. Stiff and Frances R. Curcio, pp. 62-81. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1999.

Slovin, H. "Number of the Day." Arithmetic Teacher 39 (March 1992): 29-31.

Stanic, G.M.A., and W.D. McKillip. "Developmental Algorithms Have a Place in Elementary School Mathematics Instruction." Arithmetic Teacher 36 (January 1989): 14-16.

Sutton, J. T., and T. D. Urbatsch. "Transition Boards: A Good Idea Made Better." Arithmetic Teacher 38 (January 1991): 4-8.

Thompson, F. "Two-Digit Addition and Subtraction: What Works?" Arithmetic Teacher 38 (January 1991): 10-13.

Thompson, C.S., and A.D. Hendrickson. "Verbal Addition and Subtraction Problems: Some Difficulties and Some Solutions." Arithmetic Teacher 33 (March 1986): 21-25.

Thornton, C.A., and P.J. Smith. "Action Research: Strategies for Learning Subtraction Facts." Arithmetic Teacher 35 (April 1988): 8-12.

Trafton, P. R., and J. S. Zawojewski. "Implementing the Standards: Meanings of Operations." Arithmetic Teacher 38 (November 1990): 18-22.

Whitenack, et. al. "Second Graders Circumvent Addition and Subtraction Difficulties." Teaching Children Mathematics 8 (December 2001): 228-233.