3.1 Numeration Systems: Introduces grouping and number bases and presents examples of ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, and Mayan numeration systems, as well as introducing models for understanding numeration systems and place value. Subsections: Grouping and Number Bases; Ancient Numeration Systems; Reading and Writing Numbers; Rounding Numbers; Models for Numeration; Problem-Solving Application. One-page Math Activity: Numeration and Place Value with Base Five Pieces
3.2 Addition and Subtraction: Presents models and algorithms for addition and subtraction of whole numbers and uses number properties in several common mental calculating and estimating techniques for these operations. Subsections: Models for Addition Algorithms; Number Properties; Inequality of Whole Numbers; Models for Subtraction Algorithms; Mental Calculations; Estimation of Sums and Differences; Problem-Solving Application. One-page Math Activity: Addition and Subtraction with Base Five Pieces
3.3 Multiplication: Illustrates multiplication of whole numbers with base ten pieces, uses number properties in mental calculating and estimating techniques, and explains order of operations. Subsections: Models for Multiplication Algorithms; Number Properties; Mental Calculations; Estimation of Products; Problem-Solving Application One-page Math Activity: Multiplication with Base Five Pieces.
3.4 Division and Exponents: Presents two concepts of division and illustrates the long division algorithm with base ten pieces. Techniques for mental calculation and estimation of quotients are introduced and examples are given of exponents and order of operations. Subsections: Models for Division Algorithms; Division Theorem; Mental Calculations; Estimation of Quotients; Exponents; Order of Operations; Problem-Solving Application One-page Math Activity: Division with Base Five Pieces
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