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| 1 | |
Cultural learning depends on |
| | A) | biology. |
| | B) | globalization. |
| | C) | adaptation. |
| | D) | diffusion. |
| | E) | symbols. |
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| 2 | |
The British anthropologist Edward Tylor stated that culture is |
| | A) | acquired by humans as members of society. |
| | B) | adaptive. |
| | C) | symbolic. |
| | D) | transmitted through observation. |
| | E) | taught directly. |
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| 3 | |
Enculturation is |
| | A) | the process by which culture is reduced. |
| | B) | the process by which culture becomes adaptive. |
| | C) | the process by which a child learns his or her culture. |
| | D) | the process by which a culture is transformed. |
| | E) | the process by which people subsist. |
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| 4 | |
Clifford Geertz characterized culture as |
| | A) | a process of enculturation. |
| | B) | a biological necessity. |
| | C) | biologically adaptive. |
| | D) | a set of control mechanisms that govern behavior. |
| | E) | only partially shared. |
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| 5 | |
An example of a cultural trait that typically is learned unconsciously is knowing |
| | A) | when to say "thank you." |
| | B) | when to take out the trash. |
| | C) | how far to stand away from someone during a conversation. |
| | D) | how to write a college essay. |
| | E) | how to cook. |
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| 6 | |
For anthropologist Leslie White, culture originated when |
| | A) | people began to use enculturation. |
| | B) | tools were first produced. |
| | C) | people acquired the ability to use symbols. |
| | D) | behavior became patterned. |
| | E) | art was first produced. |
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| 7 | |
The human capacity for culture has an evolutionary basis that extends back at least |
| | A) | 6,000 years. This date corresponds to the production of cave art found in Europe. |
| | B) | 1 million years. This date corresponds to a genetic mutation that caused the increase in brain size and complexity. |
| | C) | to the advent of anatomically modern primates, an event that has been clearly established by science. |
| | D) | 2 million years. This date corresponds to the advent of hunting and the use of fire to cook tough meats. |
| | E) | 2.5 million years. This date corresponds to early toolmakers whose products survive in the archaeological record. |
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| 8 | |
Many human traits reflect the fact that our primate ancestors lived in trees. These traits include all of the following except |
| | A) | grasping ability. |
| | B) | echolocation made possible by overlapping visual fields. |
| | C) | depth and color vision. |
| | D) | learning ability based on a large brain. |
| | E) | substantial parental investment in a limited number of offspring. |
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| 9 | |
Anthropologists accept a doctrine termed in the 19th century "the psychic unity of man." According to this doctrine, |
| | A) | regardless of their genes or physical appearance, people can learn any cultural tradition. |
| | B) | there are always changes in the process by which a child learns his or her culture. |
| | C) | culture is transmitted unconsciously. |
| | D) | people use their cultural system to make judgments, define their world, and shape their behavior and perceptions. |
| | E) | culture is genetically programmed. |
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| 10 | |
The approach to culture that focuses on how individuals manage to influence, create, and transform the world they live in is known as |
| | A) | globalization. |
| | B) | practice theory. |
| | C) | cultural relativism. |
| | D) | ethnocentrism. |
| | E) | acculturation. |
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| 11 | |
Cultures are dynamic and constantly changing. In fact, culture is contested. This means that |
| | A) | culture is determined by natural selection. |
| | B) | culture is defined by those that are more cultured. |
| | C) | different groups in society struggle with one another over whose ideas, values, goals, and beliefs will prevail. |
| | D) | although different groups in society may struggle over the meaning of key symbols, only one holds the truth since the meaning of key symbols is not arbitrary. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 12 | |
According to the text, "real culture" is |
| | A) | the culture best suited to a given environment. |
| | B) | what people say they should do and what they say they do. |
| | C) | contested. |
| | D) | symbolic. |
| | E) | what people actually do. |
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| 13 | |
Which of the following statements about ethnocentrism is true? |
| | A) | It is the tendency to view another culture as superior and to use that culture's values to judge the behavior and beliefs of people raised in your own culture. |
| | B) | It is particular to Western society. |
| | C) | It is the viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture. |
| | D) | It is the argument that there is a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to the laws and customs of particular countries, cultures, and religions. |
| | E) | It is the tendency to view your own culture as superior and to apply your own culture's values to judge the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures. |
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| 14 | |
Culture is all of the following except |
| | A) | integrated. |
| | B) | shared. |
| | C) | symbolic. |
| | D) | always adaptive. |
| | E) | all-encompassing. |
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| 15 | |
A pidgin is an example of |
| | A) | ethnocentrism. |
| | B) | independent invention. |
| | C) | acculturation. |
| | D) | diffusion. |
| | E) | enculturation. |
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| 16 | |
Which of the following is not a mechanism of cultural change? |
| | A) | acculturation |
| | B) | globalization |
| | C) | independent invention |
| | D) | diffusion |
| | E) | enculturation |
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