41. Social and Cultural Backgrounds

1. The Old Regime: The Three Estates

2. The Agrarian System of the Old Regime

3. Political Culture and Public Opinion after 1770

42. The Revolution and the Reorganization of France

1. The Financial Crisis

2. From Estates General to National Assembly
• [Image Assembly of Notables]
• [Primary Source Abbe Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?]

3. The Lower Classes in Action
• [Primary Source Arthur Young, Travels in France, 1789]

4. The Initial Reforms of the National Assembly
• [Primary Source Decree Abolishing the Feudal System]
• [Image Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen]
• [Primary Source Declaration of the Rights of Man]
• [Primary Source Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man]
• [Primary Source Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Women]
• [Image Return of Louis XVI to Paris ]

5. Constitutional Changes
• [Map Departments of France]

6. Economic and Cultural Policies
• [Primary Source Le Chapelier on Organisations of Workers]
• [Image Civic festival]
• [Image Liberty tree]

7. The Quarrel with the Church

43. The Revolution and Europe: The War and the "Second" Revolution, 1792

1. The International Impact of the Revolution
• [Primary Source Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France]

2. The Coming of the War, April 1792
• [Image Francis I]

3. The "Second" Revolution: August 10, 1792
• [Primary Source Marseillaise]
• [Primary Source Popular uprising of August, 1792]
• [Image Tuileris Palace]
• [Primary Source September massacres]

44. The Emergency Republic, 1792-1795: The Terror

1. The National Convention
• [Primary Source National Convention]
• [Primary Source Execution of Louis XVI]

2. Background to the Terror
• [Image Paris Commune]
• [Map Resistance to the Revolution in 1793]
• [Primary Source Robespierre on virtue and terror]

3. The Program of the Convention, 1793-1794: The Terror
• [Primary Source Committee of Public Safety]
• [Image Louis Antoine de Saint-Just]
• [Primary Source Saint-Just, Republican Institutes]
• [Primary Source levee en masse]
• [Image Toussaint L' Ouverture]
• [Primary Source Robespierre, The Cult of the Supreme Being]
• [Tables Republican calendar and republican years]
• [Primary Source Robespierre, Speech on the Festival of the Supreme Being]

4. The Thermidorian Reaction
• [Primary Source Constitution of the Year III]

45. The Constitutional Republic: The Directory, 1795-1799

1. The Weakness of the Directory
• [Image Member of Council of Five Hundred]

2. The Political Crisis of 1797
• [Primary Source Treaty of Campo Formio]

3. The Coup d'Etat of 1799: Bonaparte
• [Primary Source Coup d'etat of Brumaire]

46. The Authoritarian Republic: The Consulate, 1799-1804

1. The Settlement with the Church; Other Reforms
• [Primary Source Concordat]
• [Primary Source Civil Code]