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| These questions are taken from the directed questions found in the margins of the chapter. After reading the chapter, you should be able to answer these questions: 15.1 Describe three characteristics of personality, and explain the usefulness of personality theories. 15.2 Discuss the three standards that determine the scientific usefulness of a personality theory. 15.3 Describe Freud's structures of personality, their operating principles, and how they interact with one another. 15.4 Describe the roles that conflict among the id, ego, and superego, and explain the role that defense mechanisms and psychosexual development play in Freud's theory. 15.5 Describe how neoanalytic and object relations theories both depart from and build on Freudian theory. 15.6 Define object relations, and describe three adult attachment types. 15.7 Describe personal constructs and how they account for personality differences. 15.8 Describe the roles of self-consistency, congruence, threat, and conditions of worth in Rogers's self theory. 15.9 Describe how self-esteem develops, and describe the roles of self-verification and self-enhancement in motivation. 15.10 Describe research on the maintenance of self-esteem. 15.11 Describe and compare the two models of personality derived from factor analysis. 15.12 Describe the stability of personality traits across time and situation and the factors that decrease consistency across situations. 15.13 Describe the findings of twin studies on the roles of heredity and environment in personality development. 15.14 Describe the biological factors that underlie Eysenck's extraversion-stability model and the behaviors of inhibited children and adults. 15.15 Describe the major features of social-cognitive theories and the importance of reciprocal determinism. 15.16 Describe Rotter's concepts of expectancy, reinforcement value, and locus of control. 15.17 Describe the four determinants of self-efficacy and indicate which procedures in goal setting help enhance self-efficacy. 15.18 Summarize the procedures for successful goal setting. 15.19 Describe the five variables that constitute Mischel and Shoda's Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS). 15.20 Describe how the concept of behavioural signatures helps reconcile the paradox of personality coherence and behavioural inconsistency. 15.21 Describe three ways cultures differ in influencing personality, and describe the personality and gender differences common to individualistic versus collectivistic cultures. 15.22 Describe the two characteristics that personality measures must have in order to be scientifically useful. 15.23 Describe how interviews, behavioral assessment, and remote behavioural sampling are used to measure personality variables. 15.24 Compare the rational-theoretical and empirical approaches to developing personality roles. 15.25 Describe how projective tests differ from objective tests, and describe two projective tests. |