I. Lewin’s Force Field Analysis Model

1. Understanding resistance to change
2. Why employees resist change (6 reasons)

II. Unfreezing, Changing, and Refreezing

1. Creating an urgency for change
2. Reducing the restraining forces (6 strategies)
1. Communication – the first and most important step
2. Learning
3. Employee involvement
4. Stress management
5. Negotiation
6. Coercion – the strategy of last resort

III. Leadership, Coalitions, and Pilot Projects

1. Transformational leadership and change
2. Coalitions, social networks, and change
3. Pilot projects and diffusion of change (4 strategies)

IV. Four Approaches to Organizational Change

1. Action research approach (3 steps)
2. Appreciative inquiry approach
1. Five principles
2. The four-D model
3. Large group intervention approach
4. Parallel learning structure approach

V. Cross-cultural and Ethical Issues in Organizational Change