1 The spore forms an adhesion pad The host is recognized Hyphae differentiate into haustoria Hyphae grow through cell walls to press against the cell membrane A) I, III, II, IV B) I, IV, III, II C) II, I, IV, III D) II, IV, III, I E) IV, II, I, III 2 A) Secondary metabolites originally evolved as a defense mechanism to harm animals and so they are potent even in small doses. B) Pharmaceuticals are usually just concentrated alkaloids, and so are no different from infusions from plant material. C) Only agriculturally-derived varieties of plants are free from metabolites that would otherwise hurt consumers. D) All of the above are reasonable arguments. E) Herbal remedies are, because they're natural, completely safe, and therefore none of these arguments are valid. 3 A) They have proteinase inhibitors which starve the caterpillars. The weak animals can't move to evade the carnivores which are attracted by the sluggish prey. B) The plants emit low-frequency vibrations which rouse mutualistic protectors to come to their aid. C) While being eaten, nectaries are stimulated to create rewards to attract predators who can then attack the pest. D) Plants cluster in arrangements where their combined chemicals provide natural protection against specific invaders. When being consumed, they secrete chemicals which stimulate germination of appropriate neighbours. E) Volatile chemicals are released during herbivore feeding, which attract wasps that lay their eggs on the pest. The larvae then consume the herbivore. 4 A) You can look at the types of RNA present in the cytoplasm of an infected cell and identify specific genetic responses. B) Necrotic (dead) regions of the plant near the source of infection quickly appear. C) Assess the stomata for leaking nitric oxide. D) Assess the stomata for leaking hydrogen peroxide. E) Look for thickening of the epidermis near the region of infection.
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