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1 | |
Which of the following is a question of internal validity in experimental research? |
| | A) | How widely can the results of the experiment be generalized? |
| | B) | Has maturation influenced the dependent variable? |
| | C) | Was the sample representative of the population? |
| | D) | Will replication in another setting result in the same findings? |
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2 | |
The threat of "subject characteristics" refers to differences among subjects on a(n) |
| | A) | treatment variable. |
| | B) | independent variable. |
| | C) | dependent variable. |
| | D) | extraneous variable. |
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3 | |
Regression to the mean is most likely to be a threat to internal validity when |
| | A) | participants are selected on the basis of extreme scores. |
| | B) | factors external to the study influence the outcomes in the study. |
| | C) | the characteristics of the data collector influence the measurement process. |
| | D) | only one rater is used to score all the tests used in the study. |
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4 | |
Location is a threat to internal validity when |
| | A) | different groups receive the intervention in different environments. |
| | B) | all groups receive the intervention in the same location at different times. |
| | C) | all groups are tested in disruptive conditions. |
| | D) | the research is conducted in unfamiliar surroundings. |
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5 | |
When a pretest influences scores on a posttest, it is known as a(n) |
| | A) | instrumentation threat. |
| | B) | testing threat. |
| | C) | regression threat. |
| | D) | implementation threat. |
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6 | |
Which of the following situations provides an example of the Hawthorne effect? |
| | A) | Most of the superintendents did not respond to the survey they were sent. |
| | B) | Several teachers refused to cooperate with the researcher during a study. |
| | C) | A principal provided an overly optimistic report of his school in an interview. |
| | D) | Students paid more attention than usual to the teacher during an experiment. |
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7 | |
Instrument decay refers to |
| | A) | a change in the scoring procedure. |
| | B) | the unconscious distortion of data. |
| | C) | the inability of a data collector to elicit honest responses. |
| | D) | using a test or scale not designed for study participants. |
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8 | |
No matter how careful a researcher is in selecting subjects it happens that some subjects leave as the study progresses. This loss is known as |
| | A) | mortality threat. |
| | B) | history threat. |
| | C) | maturation threat. |
| | D) | subject attitude. |
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9 | |
The particular location in which data are collected or in which the intervention is carried out describes which type of threat? |
| | A) | history threat |
| | B) | maturation threat |
| | C) | subject attitude |
| | D) | location threat |
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10 | |
If the nature of the instrument or scoring procedure changes in some way or another, which type of threat is this? |
| | A) | subject attitude |
| | B) | instrument decay |
| | C) | location threat |
| | D) | data collector bias |
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11 | |
Standardizing conditions, obtaining more information on details, and choosing the appropriate design are three general techniques used to control for which types of threat to internal validity? |
| | A) | location, subject attitude, and regression |
| | B) | location, history, and regression |
| | C) | location, subject attitude, and implementation |
| | D) | subject attitude, history, and maturation |
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12 | |
If a researcher wanted to control against instrumentation threats which of the following will not help? |
| | A) | standardize conditions |
| | B) | obtain more information on details |
| | C) | obtain more information on subjects |
| | D) | choose appropriate design |
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13 | |
What are the four alternatives that a researcher has to minimize the threat to internal validity? |
| | A) | standardize the conditions under which the study occurs, obtain more information on the subjects of the study, obtain more information on the details of the study, make sure the participants are comfortable in their seats |
| | B) | standardize the conditions under which the study occurs, obtain more information on the subjects of the study, obtain more information on the details of the study, choose the appropriate design |
| | C) | obtain more information on the subjects of the study, make sure that parents sign permission slips so that their children can participate in your study, obtain more information on the details of the study, choose the appropriate design |
| | D) | history threat |
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14 | |
When subjects are given increased attention and recognition because they are participating in a study, their responses may be affected. This is known as the |
| | A) | maturation threat. |
| | B) | practice effect. |
| | C) | Hawthorne effect. |
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15 | |
Whenever a group is selected because of unusually high or low performance on a pretest, it will, on average, score closer to the mean on subsequent testing, regardless of what transpires in the meantime. What type of threat does this describe? |
| | A) | Hawthorne effect |
| | B) | maturation threat |
| | C) | practice effect |
| | D) | regression threat |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education