| motivation | The internal state or condition that activates and gives direction to our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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| emotion | Positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physiological arousal and related behavior.
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| primary motives | Human motives for things that are necessary for survival, such as food, water, and warmth.
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| homeostatic mechanisms | Internal body mechanisms that sense biological imbalances and stimulate actions to restore the proper balance.
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| hypothalamus | The part of the forebrain involved with motives, emotions, and the functions of the autonomic nervous system.
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| lateral hypothalamus | A portion of the hypothalamus involved in feeling hungry and starting to eat (the feeding center).
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| ventromedial hypothalamus | A part of the hypothalamus involved in inhibiting eating when sufficient food has been consumed (the satiety center).
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| hyperphagia | Excessive overeating that results from the destruction of the satiety center of the hypothalamus.
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| paraventricular nucleus | A part of the hypothalamus that plays a role in the motive of hunger by regulating the level of blood sugar.
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| insulin | A hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans that reduces the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.
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| glucagon | A hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans that causes the liver to release sugar into the bloodstream.
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| incentives | External cues that activate motives.
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| pituitary gland | The body's master gland, located near the bottom of the brain, whose hormones help regulate the activity of the other glands in the endocrine system.
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | A hormone produced by the pituitary that causes the kidneys to conserve water in the body by reabsorbing it from the urine.
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| angiotensin | A substance in the blood that signals the hypothalamus that the body needs water.
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| psychological motives | Motives related to the individual's happiness and well-being, but not to survival.
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| novel stimulation | New or changed experiences.
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| optimal level of arousal | The apparent human need for a comfortable level of stimulation, achieved by acting in ways that increase or decrease it.
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| reticular formation | Sets of neurons in the medulla and pons from which neurons project down the spinal cord to play a role in maintaining muscle tone and cardiac reflexes and upward throughout the cerebral cortex where they influence wakefulness, arousal level, and attention.
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| Yerkes-Dodson law | A law stating that effective performance is more likely if the level of arousal is suitable for the activity.
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| motive for affiliation | The need to be with other people and to have personal relationships.
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| achievement motivation | The psychological need in humans for success.
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| fear of success | The fear of the consequences of success, particularly the envy of others.
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| opponent-process theory of motivation | Solomon's theory of the learning of new motives based on changes over time in contrasting feelings.
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| intrinsic motivation | Human motives stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity or its natural consequences.
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| extrinsic motivation | Human motives activated by external rewards.
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| Maslow's hierarchy of motives | The concept that more basic needs must be met before higher-level motives become active.
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| self-actualization | According to Maslow, the seldomly reached full result of the inner-directed drive of humans to grow, improve, and use their potential to the fullest.
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| James-Lange theory of emotion | The theory that conscious emotional experiences are caused by feedback to the cerebral cortex from physiological reactions and behavior.
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| Cannon-Bard theory of emotion | The theory that conscious emotional experiences and physiological reactions and behavior are relatively independent events.
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| cognitive theory of emotion | The theory that the cognitive interpretation of events in the outside world and stimuli from our own bodies is the key factor in emotions.
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| Freud's instinct theory | The theory that aggression is caused by an inborn aggressive instinct.
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| catharsis | The process of releasing instinctual energy.
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| frustration-aggression theory | The theory that aggression is a natural reaction to the frustration of important motives.
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