| Cesare Beccaria | The founder of the classical school of criminology and criminal law. Beccaria, an Italian economist and jurist, proposed a whole new concept for the administration of justice. His major work, An Essay on Crimes and Punishments, became the manifesto of the liberal approach to criminal law. It condemned capital punishment and torture, suggested that the law should be specific, and advocated the prevention of crime and rigid rules of criminal procedure.
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| classical school of criminal law and criminology | A body of ideals from Enlightenment philosophers and reformers for transforming criminal law and procedure.
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| contract system | A form of prison industry in which the labor of inmates is leased to an outside contractor, who furnishes the machinery and raw materials and supervises the work.
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| corporal punishment | Punishment applied to the body, such as whipping or branding.
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| jails | Local facilities for temporary detention.
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| lease system | A form of prison industry under which contractors assume complete control over prisoners.
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| mark system | Started by Alexander Maconochie at Norfolk Island, a system by which inmates earn early release by hard work and good behavior.
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| piece-price system | A variation of the contract system of prison industry in which the contractor supplies the raw material and receives the finished product, paying the prison a specified amount for each unit produced.
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| prisons | Correctional institutions maintained by federal and state governments for the confinement of convicted felons.
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| separate system | A prison system whereby each inmate is kept in solitary confinement in an isolated cell for the purpose of eliminating evil association in congregate quarters.
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| silent system | A prison system whereby inmates experience confinement under a rigid rule of absolute silence at all times.
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| state account system | A form of prison industry in which inmate production is directed by prison officials, goods are sold on the open market, and inmates receive a share of the profits.
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| state-use system | A form of prison industry in which inmate-produced goods are used in state institutions and bureaus.
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| ticket-of-leave | Started by Sir Walter Crofton of Ireland, a system of conditional release from prison that represented an early form of parole.
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| Walnut Street Jail | The first American penitentiary.
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