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  1. Varieties of Punishment; corporal punishment, death, banishment

  2. The Origins of American Corrections
    1. Punishment in the Colonies
      1. ducking stool
      2. stocks and pillory
      3. brank
      4. scarlet letter
      5. bilboes
    2. Punishment versus reformation
      1. punishment as the preferred approach until the 18th century
      2. 18th century (Age of Enlightenment) and the birth of the reform movement
    3. The Classical School of Criminology
      1. A body of ideals for transforming criminal law and procedure
      2. based on the idea that a person is a self-determining, rational, free thinking being
      3. Cesare Beccaria; the founder of the classical school
      4. Beccaria's An Essay on Crimes and Punishments—highlights of the liberal doctrine of criminal law
      5. Bentham, Romilly, and Howard
      6. The pleasure-pain principle; hedonism


  3. American Prisons in Perspective; William Penn and the beginnings of American prisons
    1. The Walnut Street Jail
      1. Influence of John Howard
      2. The first American penitentiary
      3. Early model for prisons in America and Europe
    2. The separate system
      1. inmates physically separated from each other by housing them in solitary confinement
      2. inmates were supposed to change through a process of spiritual reflection
      3. virtues of the system
      4. The Eastern Penitentiary as a model prison (Philadelphia, 1829)
      5. the dehumanizing effect
      6. widely adopted in Europe; unpopular in the United States
    3. The silent system
      1. inmates forced to follow a rule of absolute silence at all times
      2. Auburn Prison (New York), 1823
      3. congregate work, hard labor, forced silence
      4. cheaper to build and more productive than the separate system
      5. strict punishment, prison stripes and the lockstep
    4. Prison industries
      1. continuing popularity of the Auburn model
      2. industrial revolution and factory production
      3. contract system of labor
      4. piece-price system
      5. lease system
      6. state account system
      7. state use system
      8. public works system
      9. farming
    5. The Reformatory Era
      1. rise of the treatment philosophy
      2. idea that behavior was not the product of free will; behavior as a product of some pathology that could be corrected
      3. influence of Alexander Maconochie
        1. Norfolk Island
        2. the "mark system" for earning early release
      4. Sir Walter Crofton
        1. the "Irish system"
        2. four stages of treatment
        3. ticket-of-leave as early parole system
      5. the Elmira Reformatory (1876)
        1. Zebulon Brockway
        2. essentials of a successful reform system
        3. Brockway's program (indeterminate sentence, vocational training, etc.) gained in popularity, but reformatory concept failed
    6. The twentieth century industrial prison
      1. prison industry seen as a threat to free enterprise
      2. opposition by unions
      3. federal laws regulating prison-made products
      4. rebirth of reform/rehabilitation movement in the 1960s and 1970s
      5. dissatisfaction with prisons both inside and outside of the walls
      6. efforts to make prisons more humane versus the "law and order" approach to crime


  4. The Federal Prison System
    1. Federal offenders housed in state and territorial prisons through the nineteenth century
    2. Early federal prisons at Leavenworth, Kansas; Atlanta, Georgia and McNeil Island, Washington
    3. New federal laws in the early 1900s mean more federal prosecutions and more federal offenders to incarcerate
    4. 1930—the creation of the Federal Bureau of Prisons


  5. Jails and Detention Centers; contrasting jails and prisons
    1. The origins of American jails
      1. jails may date to as early as Fourth century
      2. hulks—ships anchored in a body of water and used as a prison
      3. gaols (jails) of twelfth century England; forerunner of contemporary American jails
      4. disgusting conditions of jails as a consistent theme
    2. Contemporary jail systems
      1. various names—jail, lockup, workhouse, detention center, etc.
      2. all are for temporary or short-term detention
      3. most operated by counties; some by cities (the police lockup)
    3. The jail population
      1. the entrance to the criminal justice system
      2. about 3,500 jails and 605,000 inmates; about 50 percent unconvicted persons awaiting trial
      3. "jail is for the poor, the street is for the rich."
    4. Jail conditions
      1. the jail as a dumping ground
      2. architecture and physical structure
      3. large cells, poor sanitary facilities, lack of adequate staff
      4. the example of Riker's Island (New York)
      5. efforts to improve jail conditions; direct supervision jails
      6. the problem of overcrowding; suggestions for reducing jail populations
        1. more use of ROR
        2. preferential trial scheduling
        3. use of citations
        4. installment plans for fine payment
        5. work-release


  6. Summary





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