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| 1 | |
Dispositional causes (of behavior) |
| | A) | The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others. |
| | B) | Evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept. |
| | C) | Perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors. |
| | D) | Message interpretation characterized by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade. |
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| 2 | |
Stress |
| | A) | A person's response to events that are threatening or challenging. |
| | B) | The conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts. |
| | C) | The cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves. |
| | D) | Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences. |
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| 3 | |
Cataclysmic events |
| | A) | The major traits considered in forming impressions of others. |
| | B) | The theory of personality that seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are. |
| | C) | Strong stressors that occur suddenly, affecting many people at once. |
| | D) | Perceived causes of behavior that are based on environmental factors. |
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| 4 | |
Stereotype |
| | A) | Perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors. |
| | B) | A change in behavior in response to the commands of others. |
| | C) | The process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others. |
| | D) | A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members. |
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| 5 | |
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
| | A) | Helping behavior. |
| | B) | A phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors feel long-lasting effects that may include re-experiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams |
| | C) | A person's response to events that are threatening or challenging. |
| | D) | The process of discharging built-up aggressive energy. |
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| 6 | |
Aggression |
| | A) | A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people. |
| | B) | Behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group. |
| | C) | The intentional injury of, or harm to, another person. |
| | D) | A state in which people conclude that unpleasant stimuli cannot be controlled; as a result, they cease trying to remedy unpleasant circumstances, even if they actually have some influence. |
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| 7 | |
Central traits |
| | A) | The major traits considered in forming impressions of others. |
| | B) | Evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept. |
| | C) | Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences. |
| | D) | A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members. |
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| 8 | |
Cognitive dissonance |
| | A) | Everyday annoyances that cause minor irritations and may have long-term ill effects if they continue or are compounded by other stressful events. |
| | B) | The conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts. |
| | C) | A theory developed by Hans Selye that suggests that a person's response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion. |
| | D) | Medical problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties. |
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| 9 | |
Passionate (romantic) love |
| | A) | The tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself, even when meeting them for the first time. |
| | B) | A state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another. |
| | C) | Positive feelings for others; liking and loving. |
| | D) | A mutual network of caring, interested others. |
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| 10 | |
Social psychology |
| | A) | The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others. |
| | B) | The theory of personality that seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are. |
| | C) | A theory developed by Hand Selye that suggests that a person's response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion. |
| | D) | The study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain. |
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| 11 | |
Assumed-similarity bias |
| | A) | Behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group. |
| | B) | Positive feelings for others; liking and loving. |
| | C) | The tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself, even when meeting them for the first time. |
| | D) | A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members. |
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| 12 | |
Catharsis |
| | A) | The efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. |
| | B) | The intentional injury of, or harm to, another person. |
| | C) | A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people. |
| | D) | The process of discharging built-up aggressive energy. |
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| 13 | |
Companionate love |
| | A) | A mutual network of caring, interested others. |
| | B) | Positive feelings for others; liking and loving. |
| | C) | A state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another. |
| | D) | The strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved. |
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| 14 | |
Situational causes (of behavior) |
| | A) | Perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors. |
| | B) | A state in which people conclude that unpleasant stimuli cannot be controlled; as a result, they cease trying to remedy unpleasant circumstances, even if they actually have some influence. |
| | C) | Perceived causes of behavior that are based on environmental factors. |
| | D) | Helping behavior. |
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| 15 | |
Attitudes |
| | A) | The major traits considered in forming impressions of others. |
| | B) | Evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept. |
| | C) | Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences. |
| | D) | A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members. |
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| 16 | |
Prosocial behavior |
| | A) | Helping behavior. |
| | B) | Behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure. |
| | C) | The efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. |
| | D) | A change in behavior in response to the commands of others. |
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| 17 | |
Schemas |
| | A) | Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences. |
| | B) | The major traits considered in forming impressions of others. |
| | C) | A tendency to over attribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimization of the importance of situational causes. |
| | D) | The cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves. |
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| 18 | |
Conformity |
| | A) | Behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure. |
| | B) | A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people. |
| | C) | The tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present. |
| | D) | The tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself. |
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| 19 | |
Social influence |
| | A) | The tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present. |
| | B) | A tendency to over attribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimization of the importance of situational causes. |
| | C) | A phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics. |
| | D) | The process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others. |
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| 20 | |
Personal stressors |
| | A) | Strong stressors that occur suddenly, affecting many people at once. |
| | B) | The conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts. |
| | C) | Major life events that have immediate negative consequences that generally fade with time. |
| | D) | A state in which people conclude that unpleasant stimuli cannot be controlled; as a result, they cease trying to remedy unpleasant circumstances, even if they actually have some influence. |
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| 21 | |
Industrial-organizational psychology (I/O) |
| | A) | The branch of psychology focusing on work and job-related issues, including worker motivation, satisfaction, safety, and productivity. |
| | B) | The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others. |
| | C) | A theory developed by Hand Selye that suggests that a person's response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion. |
| | D) | The study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain. |
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| 22 | |
Prejudice |
| | A) | Evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept. |
| | B) | A negative or positive evaluation of a particular group and its members. |
| | C) | The theory of personality that seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are. |
| | D) | A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members. |
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| 23 | |
Interpersonal attraction |
| | A) | Helping behavior that is beneficial to others but clearly requires self-sacrifice. |
| | B) | A phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics. |
| | C) | Helping behavior. |
| | D) | Positive feelings for others; liking and loving. |
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| 24 | |
Discrimination |
| | A) | A tendency to over attribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimization of the importance of situational causes. |
| | B) | A state in which people conclude that unpleasant stimuli cannot be controlled; as a result, they cease trying to remedy unpleasant circumstances, even if they actually have some influence. |
| | C) | Behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group. |
| | D) | The tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself. |
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| 25 | |
Central route processing |
| | A) | Evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept. |
| | B) | Message interpretation characterized by consideration of the source and related general information rather than of the message itself. |
| | C) | Message interpretation characterized by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade. |
| | D) | The process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others. |
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| 26 | |
Self-serving bias |
| | A) | The tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself. |
| | B) | The tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself, even when meeting them for the first time. |
| | C) | A tendency to over attribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimization of the importance of situational causes. |
| | D) | A negative or positive evaluation of a particular group and its members. |
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| 27 | |
Background stressors |
| | A) | Everyday annoyances that cause minor irritations and may have long-term ill effects if they continue or are compounded by other stressful events. |
| | B) | Strong stressors that occur suddenly, affecting many people at once. |
| | C) | The efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. |
| | D) | A person's response to events that are threatening or challenging. |
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| 28 | |
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
| | A) | The branch of psychology focusing on work and job-related issues, including worker motivation, satisfaction, safety, and productivity. |
| | B) | A theory developed by Hans Selye that suggests that a person's response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion. |
| | C) | A phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors feel long-lasting effects that may include re-experiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams. |
| | D) | The study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain. |
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| 29 | |
Diffusion of responsibility |
| | A) | A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people. |
| | B) | Message interpretation characterized by consideration of the source and related general information rather than of the message itself. |
| | C) | The tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present. |
| | D) | A person's response to events that are threatening or challenging. |
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| 30 | |
Altruism |
| | A) | The process of discharging built-up aggressive energy. |
| | B) | Behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure. |
| | C) | Helping behavior. |
| | D) | Helping behavior that is beneficial to others but clearly requires self-sacrifice. |
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| 31 | |
Psychophysiological disorders |
| | A) | Major life events that have immediate negative consequences that generally fade with time. |
| | B) | A phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors feel long-lasting effects that may include re-experiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams. |
| | C) | The study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain. |
| | D) | Medical problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties. |
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| 32 | |
Social support |
| | A) | A mutual network of caring, interested others. |
| | B) | The process of discharging built-up aggressive energy. |
| | C) | The efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. |
| | D) | A phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics. |
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| 33 | |
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) |
| | A) | The theory of personality that seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are. |
| | B) | The study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain. |
| | C) | A theory developed by Hand Selye that suggests that a person's response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion. |
| | D) | The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others. |
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| 34 | |
Coping |
| | A) | The process of discharging built-up aggressive energy. |
| | B) | Major life events that have immediate negative consequences that generally fade with time. |
| | C) | The efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. |
| | D) | A person's response to events that are threatening or challenging. |
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| 35 | |
Fundamental attribution error |
| | A) | A tendency to overattribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimization of the importance of situational causes. |
| | B) | The tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself, even when meeting them for the first time. |
| | C) | A state in which people conclude that unpleasant stimuli cannot be controlled; as a result, they cease trying to remedy unpleasant circumstances, even if they actually have some influence. |
| | D) | The tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself. |
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| 36 | |
Learned helplessness |
| | A) | The conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts. |
| | B) | The efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. |
| | C) | A phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors feel long-lasting effects that may include re-experiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams. |
| | D) | A state in which people conclude that unpleasant stimuli cannot be controlled; as a result, they cease trying to remedy unpleasant circumstances, even if they actually have some influence. |
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| 37 | |
Social cognition |
| | A) | Evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept. |
| | B) | Message interpretation characterized by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade. |
| | C) | The cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves. |
| | D) | A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members. |
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| 38 | |
Halo effect |
| | A) | The tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself, even when meeting them for the first time. |
| | B) | A tendency to over attribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimization of the importance of situational causes. |
| | C) | A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members. |
| | D) | A phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics. |
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| 39 | |
Peripheral route processing |
| | A) | Message interpretation characterized by consideration of the source and related general information rather than of the message itself. |
| | B) | Message interpretation characterized by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade. |
| | C) | The conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts. |
| | D) | Perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors. |
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| 40 | |
Attribution theory |
| | A) | The tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present. |
| | B) | The theory of personality that seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are. |
| | C) | Positive feelings for others; liking and loving. |
| | D) | A mutual network of caring, interested others. |
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| 41 | |
Compliance |
| | A) | A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people. |
| | B) | The tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present. |
| | C) | Behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure. |
| | D) | The process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others. |
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| 42 | |
Obedience |
| | A) | A change in behavior in response to the commands of others. |
| | B) | A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people. |
| | C) | Message interpretation characterized by consideration of the source and related general information rather than of the message itself. |
| | D) | The cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves. |
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