| activity theory of aging | A theory that holds that the elderly who age most successfully are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age
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| adolescence | The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood
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| age of viability | The point at which the fetus can survive if born prematurely
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| attachment | The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
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| authoritarian parents | Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children authoritarian_parents (150.0K)
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| authoritative parents | Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them
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| autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage | The period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (ages 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotectedautonomy_versus (345.0K)
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| chromosomes | Rod-shaped structures that contain the basic hereditary information
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| cognitive development | The process by which a child's understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience
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| concrete operational stage | According to Piaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age, which is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism
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| cross-sectional research | A research method in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time
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| cross-sequential research | A research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by considering a number of different age groups and examining them over several points in time
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| developmental psychology | The branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change occurring throughout life
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| disengagement theory of aging | A theory that holds that aging is a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels
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| egocentric thought | A way of thinking in which the child views the world entirely from his or her own perspectiveegocentric_thought (149.0K)
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| ego-integrity-versus-despair stage | According to Erikson, a period from late adulthood until death during which we review our life's accomplishments and failures
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| embryo | A developed zygote that has a rudimentary heart, brain, and other organs
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| fetus | A developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until birth
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| formal operational stage | According to Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood, which is characterized by abstract thought
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| generativity-versus-stagnation stage | According to Erikson, a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and societygenerativity_versus (210.0K)
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| genes | The parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmittedgenes (101.0K)
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| genetic preprogramming theories of aging | Theories that hold that there is a built-in time limit to the reproduction of human cells, and that after a certain time they are no longer able to divide
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| habituation | The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulushabituation (152.0K)
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| identical twins | Twins who are genetically identical
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| identity | The distinguishing character of the individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of
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| identity-versus-role-confusion stage | According to Erikson, a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one's unique qualities
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| industry-versus-inferiority stage | According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood, during which children aged 6 to 12 years either develop positive social interactions with others or feel inadequate and become less sociable
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| information processing | The way people take in, use, and store information
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| initiative-versus-guilt stage | According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action
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| intimacy-versus-isolation stage | According to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships
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| life review | The process in which people in late adulthood examine and evaluate their lives
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| longitudinal research | A research method that investigates behavior as participants age
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| menopause | The point at which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertilemenopause (106.0K)
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| metacognition | An awareness and understanding of one's own cognitive processes
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| nature-nurture issue | The issue of the degrees to which environment and heredity influence behavior and development
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| neonate | A newborn childneonate (49.0K)
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| object permanence | The awareness that objects-and people-continue to exist even if they are out of sight
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| permissive parents | Parents who give their children lax or inconsistent direction and, although warm, require little of them
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| preoperational stage | According to Piaget, the period from 2 to 7 years of age which is characterized by language development
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| principle of conservation | The knowledge that the quantity of a substance remains the same even though its shape or other aspects of its physical appearance might change
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| psychosocial development | Development of individuals' interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society
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| puberty | The period during which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boyspuberty (197.0K)
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| reflexes | Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
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| sensorimotor stage | According to Piaget, the stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child has little competence in representing the environment using images, language, or other symbols
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| temperament | Basic, innate disposition
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| teratogens | Environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, viruses, or other factors that produce birth defectsteratogens (162.0K)
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| trust-versus-mistrust stage | According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to 18 months of age, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust
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| uninvolved parents | Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached from them
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| wear-and-tear theories of aging | Theories that hold that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently when we are old
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| zone of proximal development (ZPD) | According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on her or his own.
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| zygote | The new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm
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