Circular reasoning—the author goes in a circle by restating the argument or conclusion instead of providing any relevant support.

Begging the question—the author present as a certainty something that is open to debate.

Red herring—the author introduces unrelated, irrelevant information to divert attention from the real issue.

Slippery slope—the author argues that taking one step will inevitably lead to other steps that cannot be stopped until it ends in disaster.

Glittering generalities—the author uses broad, widely accepted ideals and righteous words in hopes that readers accept or approve something without examining it closely.

Card stacking—the author presents carefully chosen facts, statistics, and illustrations that may be misleading.

Appeal to tradition—the author appeals to readers on the basis that what has been done should continue to be done in the present and future.