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| These questions are taken from the directed questions found in the margins of the chapter. After reading the chapter, you should be able to answer these questions: 14.1 Differentiate between personal and situational attributions, and explain how consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus affect the attributions people make. 14.2 Describe and provide examples of the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias, and explain how they are affected by culture. 14.3 Describe factors involved in forming impressions, including the primacy effect, stereotypes, and the self-fulfilling prophecy. 14.4 Define the term attitude, and describe three factors that explain the variability of observed relations between attitudes and behaviors. 14.5 Explain the causes of cognitive dissonance and how it produces attitude change. 14.6 Citing research evidence, compare and contrast self-perception theory with dissonance theory to explain why counterattitudinal behavior leads to attitude change. 14.7 Describe how communicator, message, and audience characteristics affect the persuasion process. 14.8 Differentiate between social norms and social roles. 14.9 Explain how norms and roles guide behavior, differentiating between informational and normative social influences. 14.10 Describe situational factors that influence group conformity, and describe when minority influence will be strongest. 14.11 Describe the purpose, methods, and results of Milgram's study on obedience and the implications for society. 14.12 Describe four common compliance techniques, and explain how they work. 14.13 Describe social loafing and social compensation and describe the causes and consequences of group polarization and groupthink. 14.14 Describe deindividuation, its main cause, and how conditions in the Stanford prison study may have fostered it. 14.15 Describe how proximity, the mere exposure effect, similarity, and beauty influence initial attraction. 14.16 Describe social exchange theory and which factors determine whether or not a relationship will be satisfying and continue. 14.17 Compare and contrast evolutionary and sociocultural explanations for sex differences in mate preference. 14.18 Describe the types of love and discuss research-based principles that may help enhance relationship quality. 14.19 Describe the psychological effects of ostracism. 14.20 Describe how implicit prejudice is measured and explain the cognitive and motivational roots of prejudice. 14.21 Describe how self-fulfilling prophecies and stereotype threat perpetuate prejudice and how equal status contact reduces prejudice. 14.22 Describe evolutionary and social learning and empathy-altruistic explanations for helping behavior. 14.23 Describe when and whom people are most likely to help and how prosocial behavior can be increased. 14.24 Describe biological, environmental, and psychological factors that contribute to aggression. 14.25 Describe catharsis and social learning views on the effects of media violence and whether or not violent video games promote aggression. |