Biology, Eighth Edition (Raven)

Chapter 52: The Reproductive Systems

Learning Outcomes

• Define parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism, protogyny, and protandry.
• Explain the advantages and disadvantages of external fertilization.
• Describe the changes in reproductive strategy necessary for successful invasion of the land.
• Compare fertilization and reproduction among fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds.
• Compare the reproductive strategies of monotreme, marsupial, and placental mammals.
• Describe the structures and events associated with human spermatogenesis
• Describe the structures and events associated with human oogenesis and indicate the ways in which it is significantly different from spermatogenesis.
• Understand the events associated with the follicular and luteal phases of the human female reproductive cycle.
• Indicate the hormonal events that signal initiation and termination of an individual female reproductive cycle as well as ovulation and menstruation.
• Understand the events associated with human fertilization.
• Understand the various methods of birth control and the overall effectiveness of each.